<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-217481588150991647</id><updated>2012-02-15T22:36:41.043-08:00</updated><category term='Olimpiae Kebumian'/><category term='Kimia'/><category term='Mathematics'/><category term='Arip Nurahman'/><category term='Organisasi'/><category term='Biology'/><category term='Physics'/><category term='Sekolah'/><title type='text'>TIM OLIMPIADE KOTA BANJAR</title><subtitle type='html'>BELAJAR BERTANDING MENANG</subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://timolimpiadekotabanjar.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/217481588150991647/posts/default?max-results=100'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://timolimpiadekotabanjar.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><author><name>TOKOBA</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/15169116013076235860</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>47</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>100</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-217481588150991647.post-2525022075938859098</id><published>2010-08-18T04:15:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-06-26T04:16:46.358-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Organisasi'/><title type='text'>Selamat datang Dunia</title><content type='html'>&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px; "&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_SvJeUsCjeuE/SH3alc4IqzI/AAAAAAAAACQ/552kOk5aEjg/S214/arip2+logo.JPG" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 153); "&gt;&lt;img src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_SvJeUsCjeuE/SH3alc4IqzI/AAAAAAAAACQ/552kOk5aEjg/S214/arip2+logo.JPG" alt="" border="0" style="border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; padding-top: 4px; padding-right: 4px; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-left: 4px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; " /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h2 style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; text-align: center; "&gt;Profil Tim Olimpiade Kota Banjar&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; "&gt;Ide mendirikan TOKOBA untuk mengikuti turnamen yang paling berbobot dalam bidang sains ini berasal dari kelompok mahasiswa-mahasiswa alumni sekolah menengah atas Kota Banjar yang sedang melajutkan studinya di berbagai bidang disiplin ilmu.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; "&gt;Kami merasakan bahwa sesungguhnya impian, harapan, motivasi dan rasa antusiasme yang tinggi terhadap cita-cita menjadi modal utama untuk maju.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; "&gt;Semoga web-blog ini dapat bermanfaat bagi kita semua:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul class="posts"&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://timolimpiadekotabanjar.blogspot.com/2008/09/c.html" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 153); "&gt;Program Periode (2008-2013)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://timolimpiadekotabanjar.blogspot.com/2008/09/d.html" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 153); "&gt;Rencana Strategis Sederhana TOKOBA&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://timolimpiadekotabanjar.blogspot.com/2008/09/6.html" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 153); "&gt;Susunan Organisasi Team Olimpiade Kota Banjar&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://timolimpiadekotabanjar.blogspot.com/2010/06/anggaran-dasar-dan-anggaran-rumah.html" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 153); "&gt;Anggaran Dasar dan Anggaran Rumah Tangga&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://timolimpiadekotabanjar.blogspot.com/2008/09/2.html" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 153); "&gt;Visi dan Misi Team Olimpiade Kota Banjar&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_9LwNY6hDx6w/TCc940U9kWI/AAAAAAAAAIE/w2lZX3ZujQI/s1600/seneby.jpg" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 153); "&gt;&lt;img src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_9LwNY6hDx6w/TCc940U9kWI/AAAAAAAAAIE/w2lZX3ZujQI/s400/seneby.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5487422717302772066" border="0" style="border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; padding-top: 4px; padding-right: 4px; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-left: 4px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 266px; " /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; "&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold; "&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 17px; "&gt;"If You Can Dream It, You Can Do It"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 17px; "&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/217481588150991647-2525022075938859098?l=timolimpiadekotabanjar.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://timolimpiadekotabanjar.blogspot.com/feeds/2525022075938859098/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=217481588150991647&amp;postID=2525022075938859098' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/217481588150991647/posts/default/2525022075938859098'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/217481588150991647/posts/default/2525022075938859098'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://timolimpiadekotabanjar.blogspot.com/2010/08/selamat-datang-dunia.html' title='Selamat datang Dunia'/><author><name>TOKOBA</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/15169116013076235860</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_SvJeUsCjeuE/SH3alc4IqzI/AAAAAAAAACQ/552kOk5aEjg/s72-c/arip2+logo.JPG' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-217481588150991647.post-962655395797062879</id><published>2010-08-17T00:19:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-07-10T17:56:08.275-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Arip Nurahman'/><title type='text'>Team Olimpiade Robotika Kota Banjar</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_9LwNY6hDx6w/TCc6tREO8jI/AAAAAAAAAH0/ETXMWe36ExI/s1600/Arip+Nurahman.bmp" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 255px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_9LwNY6hDx6w/TCc6tREO8jI/AAAAAAAAAH0/ETXMWe36ExI/s400/Arip+Nurahman.bmp" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5487419220323922482" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Visi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mengantarkan Pelajar Kota Banjar Menjuari Ivent-ivent Robotika Daerah, Nasional dan Internasional&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Misi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Pendidikan, Pelatihan, Pertandingan dan Pengkaderan Berkelanjutan&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Pimpinan Team Olimpiade Robotika Kota Banjar&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_9LwNY6hDx6w/TCc7J7AdLlI/AAAAAAAAAH8/Evsz1ZG2ekU/s1600/Karizal+Muharom.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 300px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_9LwNY6hDx6w/TCc7J7AdLlI/AAAAAAAAAH8/Evsz1ZG2ekU/s400/Karizal+Muharom.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5487419712618704466" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Karizal Muharom&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Program&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Fokus&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h3 class="video_title datawrap" style="text-align: center;"&gt;The 11th International Robot Olympiad&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;h3 class="r" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a class="l" href="http://timolimpiadekotabanjar.blogspot.com/" onmousedown="return clk(this.href,'','','res','1','','0CAcQFjAA')"&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;em&gt;TIM OLIMPIADE KOTA BANJAR&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;h3 class="video_title datawrap" style="text-align: center;"&gt;International Robotics Olympiad 2009 Daejeon Kerea Selatan&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;p style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:small;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://astrophysicsblogs.blogspot.com/2009/10/sekolah-pendidikan-robotika-indonesia.html"&gt;Sekolah Pendidikan Robotika Indonesia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Robot&lt;/strong&gt; adalah sebuah alat mekanik yang dapat melakukan tugas fisik, baik menggunakan pengawasan dan kontrol manusia, ataupun menggunakan program yang telah didefinisikan terlebih dulu (&lt;a title="Kecerdasan buatan" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kecerdasan_buatan"&gt;kecerdasan buatan&lt;/a&gt;). Robot biasanya digunakan untuk tugas yang berat, berbahaya, pekerjaan yang berulang dan kotor. Biasanya kebanyakan &lt;a class="new" title="Robot industri (halaman belum tersedia)" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robot_industri&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1"&gt;robot industri&lt;/a&gt; digunakan dalam bidang produksi. Penggunaan robot lainnya termasuk untuk pembersihan &lt;a title="Limbah beracun" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbah_beracun"&gt;limbah beracun&lt;/a&gt;, penjelajahan bawah air dan luar angkasa, pertambangan, pekerjaan "cari dan tolong" (search and rescue), dan untuk pencarian tambang. Belakangan ini robot mulai memasuki pasaran konsumen di bidang hiburan, dan alat pembantu rumah tangga, seperti penyedot debu, dan pemotong rumput.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.facebook.com/video/video.php?v=1220065456017"&gt;Visualisai IRO 2009 Daejeon Kerea Selatan(Clik untuk melihat Video kegiatan)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: center;"&gt;Karizal Muharom, Siswa SBI SMAN 1 Kota Banjar yang Telah Mengikuti&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="text-align: center;"&gt;International Robotics Olympiad&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h3 class="UIIntentionalStory_Message" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="UIIntentionalStory_Names"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=1060327201&amp;amp;ref=mf" onclick="ft("&gt;(Karizal Muharom on facebook)&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;p style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:Tahoma;font-size:18px;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;11th International Robot Olympiad 2009 Korea &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p align="center"&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:Tahoma;font-size:18px;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;table width="560" align="center" border="1"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;th scope="row" width="110" height="40"&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:Tahoma;"&gt;Period&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/th&gt; &lt;td width="450"&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:Tahoma;"&gt; 17&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:Tahoma;"&gt;th&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:Tahoma;"&gt; to 20&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:Tahoma;"&gt;th&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:Tahoma;"&gt; December, 2009&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th scope="row" height="40"&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:Tahoma;"&gt;Venue&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/th&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:Tahoma;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;img class="iePngFix" title="sf.png" src="http://www.iroc.org/xe/pages/img/presentnew/sf.png" alt="sf.png" width="142" height="32" /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th scope="row" height="40"&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:Tahoma;"&gt;Host&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/th&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:Tahoma;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;img class="iePngFix" style="width: 280px; height: 30px;" title="final.png" src="http://www.iroc.org/xe/pages/img/presentnew/final.png" alt="final.png" width="315" height="32" /&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:Tahoma;"&gt; , &lt;/span&gt;&lt;img class="iePngFix" style="width: 120px; height: 30px;" title="dj.png" src="http://www.iroc.org/xe/pages/img/presentnew/dj.png" alt="dj.png" width="119" height="26" /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th class="xe_selected_cell" scope="row" height="40"&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:Tahoma;"&gt;Organizer &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/th&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:Tahoma;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;img class="iePngFix" style="width: 66px; height: 26px;" title="krsa.png" src="http://www.iroc.org/xe/pages/img/presentnew/krsa.png" alt="krsa.png" width="68" height="34" /&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:Tahoma;"&gt;,&lt;img class="iePngFix" title="sf.png" src="http://www.iroc.org/xe/pages/img/presentnew/sf.png" alt="sf.png" width="142" height="32" /&gt; ,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:Tahoma;"&gt;&lt;img class="iePngFix" title="dtp.png" src="http://www.iroc.org/xe/pages/img/presentnew/dtp.png" alt="dtp.png" width="126" height="32" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th scope="row" height="40"&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:Tahoma;"&gt;Sponsor&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/th&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:Tahoma;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;img class="iePngFix" title="mke.png" src="http://www.iroc.org/xe/pages/img/presentnew/mke.png" alt="mke.png" width="123" height="33" /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th scope="row" height="40"&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:Tahoma;"&gt;Accommodation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/th&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:Tahoma;"&gt; Chung-Nam University hostel&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th scope="row"&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:Tahoma;"&gt;Participants&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/th&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt; &lt;p style="line-height: 2;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:Tahoma;"&gt;Students (Students categories : Age 12 years and below, 13-18&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; &lt;p style="line-height: 2;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:Tahoma;"&gt;Teachers&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; &lt;p style="line-height: 2;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:Tahoma;"&gt;Professors&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; &lt;p style="line-height: 2;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:Tahoma;"&gt;Researchers&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; &lt;p style="line-height: 2;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:Tahoma;"&gt;Developers&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; &lt;p style="line-height: 2;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:Tahoma;"&gt;Manufacturers&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; &lt;p style="line-height: 2;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:Tahoma;"&gt;Distributors (Exhibition)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th scope="row" height="40"&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:Tahoma;"&gt;Website&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/th&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:Tahoma;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.iroc.org/"&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:Tahoma;"&gt;http://www.iroc.org&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: center;"&gt;Bersama Keluaraga&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Karizal, masih mempunyai keinginan dan harapan untuk Kota Banjar tercinta katanya:&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;1. &lt;span id="profile_status"&gt;Mewujudkan Kota banjar Berteknologi Robot Dan Paling Ramah Lingkungan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;2. Membangun Klub Robotika di Kota Banjar diawali pembentukan klub Robotika di Sekolahnya.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;3. Selain itu Karizal mempunyai cita-cita untuk melanjutkan studinya ke:&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h3 class="r" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a class="l" href="http://www.ntu.edu.sg/" onmousedown="return clk(this.href,'','','res','1','','0CAoQFjAA')"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Nanyang&lt;/em&gt; Technological University, Singapore&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;p&gt;Semoga Pemerintah Kota Banjar mampu membantu terwujudnya impian siswa brilian ini, untuk masa depan Kota Banjar yang lebih baik.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;amin!&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="text-align: center;"&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;img title="Bersama teman-teman" src="http://photos-a.ak.fbcdn.net/hphotos-ak-snc3/hs042.snc3/12932_1219497281813_1060327201_30532153_2038435_n.jpg" alt="Bersama Teman-teman" width="604" height="453" /&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="text-align: center;"&gt;Bersama Teman-teman&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Perbaikan Pertama&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;tgl; 27-06-2010&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/217481588150991647-962655395797062879?l=timolimpiadekotabanjar.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://timolimpiadekotabanjar.blogspot.com/feeds/962655395797062879/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=217481588150991647&amp;postID=962655395797062879' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/217481588150991647/posts/default/962655395797062879'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/217481588150991647/posts/default/962655395797062879'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://timolimpiadekotabanjar.blogspot.com/2008/09/6_1978.html' title='Team Olimpiade Robotika Kota Banjar'/><author><name>TOKOBA</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/15169116013076235860</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_9LwNY6hDx6w/TCc6tREO8jI/AAAAAAAAAH0/ETXMWe36ExI/s72-c/Arip+Nurahman.bmp' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-217481588150991647.post-952790176806098962</id><published>2009-11-18T00:19:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2011-07-10T18:01:37.238-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Mathematics'/><title type='text'>Jurnal Matematika SD (Sekolah Dasar)</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;Jurnal Matematika untuk SD (Sekolah Dasar)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; "&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%" height="1%" bg=""&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th width="90%" height="1" bg="" nowrap=""&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;p align="center"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Teach&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; R &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Kids &lt;/span&gt;Math&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span&gt;frustrated with math? Time to join&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span&gt;Teach&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; R &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Kids &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Math&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;table dir="ltr" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; "&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="1%"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="24"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top"&gt;&lt;table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%" bg=""&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign="bottom" colspan="5" width="100%" bg=""&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;p align="center"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span&gt;Number Basics&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bg="" width="33%"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p align="center"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span&gt;Preschool-Kindergarten&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td bg="" width="1%"&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td bg="" width="34%"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p align="center"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span&gt;Grade 1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td bg="" width="1%"&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td bg="" width="33%"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p align="center"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Grade 2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign="top" bg="" width="33%"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span&gt; Counting&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign="baseline" width="42"&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.teachrkids.com/_themes/manri-online/blebul1a.gif" width="15" height="15" hspace="13" alt="bullet" /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="100%"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.teachrkids.com/examples/number_recog2.asp?count=5&amp;amp;number_type=0"&gt;to 5&lt;/a&gt; &lt;b&gt;&lt;span&gt;(free)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign="baseline" width="42"&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.teachrkids.com/_themes/manri-online/blebul1a.gif" width="15" height="15" hspace="13" alt="bullet" /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="100%"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.teachrkids.com/examples/number_recog2.asp?count=5&amp;amp;number_type=1"&gt;&lt;span&gt;to 10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign="baseline" width="42"&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.teachrkids.com/_themes/manri-online/blebul1a.gif" width="15" height="15" hspace="13" alt="bullet" /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="100%"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.teachrkids.com/examples/number_recog2.asp?count=5&amp;amp;number_type=2"&gt;&lt;span&gt;to 20&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign="baseline" width="42"&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.teachrkids.com/_themes/manri-online/blebul1a.gif" width="15" height="15" hspace="13" alt="bullet" /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="100%"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.teachrkids.com/examples/number_sequence.asp?number_type=1&amp;amp;sequence_type=1&amp;amp;count=5&amp;amp;max_val=95"&gt;&lt;span&gt;to 100&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Place Value&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign="baseline" width="42"&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.teachrkids.com/_themes/manri-online/blebul1a.gif" width="15" height="15" hspace="13" alt="bullet" /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="100%"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.teachrkids.com/examples/ones_tens_hundreds.asp?count=5&amp;amp;number_type=0&amp;amp;min_val=1&amp;amp;max_val=99"&gt;&lt;span&gt;1s, 10s&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;b&gt; Less than, Greater, Equal&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign="baseline" width="42"&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.teachrkids.com/_themes/manri-online/blebul1a.gif" width="15" height="15" hspace="13" alt="bullet" /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="100%"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.teachrkids.com/examples/number_comp_simple.asp?count=5&amp;amp;number_type=0"&gt;&lt;span&gt;to 5&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;span&gt;(free)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign="baseline" width="42"&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.teachrkids.com/_themes/manri-online/blebul1a.gif" width="15" height="15" hspace="13" alt="bullet" /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="100%"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.teachrkids.com/examples/number_comp_simple.asp?count=5&amp;amp;number_type=1"&gt;&lt;span&gt;to 10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign="baseline" width="42"&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.teachrkids.com/_themes/manri-online/blebul1a.gif" width="15" height="15" hspace="13" alt="bullet" /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="100%"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.teachrkids.com/examples/number_comp.asp?count=5&amp;amp;number_type=1&amp;amp;min_val=1&amp;amp;max_val=20"&gt;&lt;span&gt;to 20&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;b&gt;Next and Previous&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign="baseline" width="42"&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.teachrkids.com/_themes/manri-online/blebul1a.gif" width="15" height="15" hspace="13" alt="bullet" /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="100%"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.teachrkids.com/examples/number_sequence.asp?number_type=1&amp;amp;sequence_type=1&amp;amp;count=5&amp;amp;max_val=15&amp;amp;next_num=1"&gt;&lt;span&gt;What comes next? (to 20)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign="baseline" width="42"&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.teachrkids.com/_themes/manri-online/blebul1a.gif" width="15" height="15" hspace="13" alt="bullet" /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="100%"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.teachrkids.com/examples/number_sequence.asp?number_type=1&amp;amp;sequence_type=1&amp;amp;count=5&amp;amp;max_val=16&amp;amp;prev_num=1"&gt;&lt;span&gt;What comes before? (to 20)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="1%" bg=""&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" bg="" width="34%"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span&gt;Counting&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign="baseline" width="42"&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.teachrkids.com/_themes/manri-online/blebul1a.gif" width="15" height="15" hspace="13" alt="bullet" /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="100%"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.teachrkids.com/examples/number_sequence.asp?number_type=1&amp;amp;sequence_type=1&amp;amp;count=5&amp;amp;max_val=995"&gt;&lt;span&gt;to 1000&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span&gt;Odd and Even Numbers&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign="baseline" width="42"&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.teachrkids.com/_themes/manri-online/blebul1a.gif" width="15" height="15" hspace="13" alt="bullet" /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="100%"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.teachrkids.com/examples/odd_even.asp?count=5&amp;amp;number_type=1"&gt;&lt;span&gt;basic&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;b&gt; &lt;span&gt;(free)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign="baseline" width="42"&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.teachrkids.com/_themes/manri-online/blebul1a.gif" width="15" height="15" hspace="13" alt="bullet" /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="100%"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.teachrkids.com/examples/odd_even_advanced.asp?count=5&amp;amp;number_type=1"&gt;&lt;span&gt;advanced&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;b&gt;Place Value&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign="baseline" width="42"&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.teachrkids.com/_themes/manri-online/blebul1a.gif" width="15" height="15" hspace="13" alt="bullet" /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="100%"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.teachrkids.com/examples/ones_tens_hundreds.asp?count=5&amp;amp;number_type=0&amp;amp;min_val=1&amp;amp;max_val=999"&gt;&lt;span&gt;1s, 10s, 100s&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;b&gt; Less than, Greater, Equal&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign="baseline" width="42"&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.teachrkids.com/_themes/manri-online/blebul1a.gif" width="15" height="15" hspace="13" alt="bullet" /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="100%"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.teachrkids.com/examples/number_comp.asp?count=5&amp;amp;number_type=1&amp;amp;min_val=1&amp;amp;max_val=100"&gt;&lt;span&gt;to 100&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;b&gt;Next and Previous&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign="baseline" width="42"&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.teachrkids.com/_themes/manri-online/blebul1a.gif" width="15" height="15" hspace="13" alt="bullet" /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="100%"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.teachrkids.com/examples/number_sequence.asp?number_type=1&amp;amp;sequence_type=1&amp;amp;count=5&amp;amp;max_val=95&amp;amp;next_num=1"&gt;&lt;span&gt;What comes next? (to 100)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign="baseline" width="42"&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.teachrkids.com/_themes/manri-online/blebul1a.gif" width="15" height="15" hspace="13" alt="bullet" /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="100%"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.teachrkids.com/examples/number_sequence.asp?number_type=1&amp;amp;sequence_type=1&amp;amp;count=5&amp;amp;max_val=96&amp;amp;prev_num=1"&gt;&lt;span&gt;What comes before? (to 100)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign="baseline" width="42"&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.teachrkids.com/_themes/manri-online/blebul1a.gif" width="15" height="15" hspace="13" alt="bullet" /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="100%"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.teachrkids.com/examples/number_sequence.asp?number_type=1&amp;amp;sequence_type=1&amp;amp;count=5&amp;amp;max_val=995&amp;amp;next_num=1"&gt;What comes next? (to 1000)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span&gt;(free)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign="baseline" width="42"&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.teachrkids.com/_themes/manri-online/blebul1a.gif" width="15" height="15" hspace="13" alt="bullet" /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="100%"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.teachrkids.com/examples/number_sequence.asp?number_type=1&amp;amp;sequence_type=1&amp;amp;count=5&amp;amp;max_val=996&amp;amp;prev_num=1"&gt;&lt;span&gt;What comes before? (to 1000)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p align="left"&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="1%" bg=""&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" bg="" width="33%"&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;b&gt;&lt;span&gt;Place Value&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign="baseline" width="42"&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.teachrkids.com/_themes/manri-online/blebul1a.gif" width="15" height="15" hspace="13" alt="bullet" /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="100%"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.teachrkids.com/examples/ones_tens_hundreds.asp?count=4&amp;amp;number_type=0&amp;amp;min_val=1&amp;amp;max_val=9999"&gt;&lt;span&gt;1000s&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign="baseline" width="42"&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.teachrkids.com/_themes/manri-online/blebul1a.gif" width="15" height="15" hspace="13" alt="bullet" /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="100%"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.teachrkids.com/examples/ones_tens_hundreds.asp?count=3&amp;amp;number_type=0&amp;amp;min_val=1&amp;amp;max_val=99999"&gt;&lt;span&gt;10000s&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span&gt;(free)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign="baseline" width="42"&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.teachrkids.com/_themes/manri-online/blebul1a.gif" width="15" height="15" hspace="13" alt="bullet" /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="100%"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.teachrkids.com/examples/ones_tens_hundreds.asp?count=3&amp;amp;number_type=0&amp;amp;min_val=1&amp;amp;max_val=999999"&gt;&lt;span&gt;100000s&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;b&gt;Less than,  Greater,  Equal&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign="baseline" width="42"&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.teachrkids.com/_themes/manri-online/blebul1a.gif" width="15" height="15" hspace="13" alt="bullet" /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="100%"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.teachrkids.com/examples/number_comp.asp?count=5&amp;amp;number_type=1&amp;amp;min_val=1&amp;amp;max_val=10000"&gt;&lt;span&gt;to 10,000&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;b&gt;Next and Previous&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign="baseline" width="42"&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.teachrkids.com/_themes/manri-online/blebul1a.gif" width="15" height="15" hspace="13" alt="bullet" /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="100%"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.teachrkids.com/examples/number_sequence.asp?number_type=1&amp;amp;sequence_type=1&amp;amp;count=5&amp;amp;max_val=9995&amp;amp;next_num=1"&gt;&lt;span&gt;What comes next? (to 10,000)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign="baseline" width="42"&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.teachrkids.com/_themes/manri-online/blebul1a.gif" width="15" height="15" hspace="13" alt="bullet" /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="100%"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.teachrkids.com/examples/number_sequence.asp?number_type=1&amp;amp;sequence_type=1&amp;amp;count=5&amp;amp;max_val=9996&amp;amp;prev_num=1"&gt;&lt;span&gt;What comes before? (to 10,000)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; "&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;copyright © 2001 Manri Systems. All Rights Reserved.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/217481588150991647-952790176806098962?l=timolimpiadekotabanjar.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://timolimpiadekotabanjar.blogspot.com/feeds/952790176806098962/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=217481588150991647&amp;postID=952790176806098962' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/217481588150991647/posts/default/952790176806098962'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/217481588150991647/posts/default/952790176806098962'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://timolimpiadekotabanjar.blogspot.com/2008/09/f.html' title='Jurnal Matematika SD (Sekolah Dasar)'/><author><name>TOKOBA</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/15169116013076235860</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-217481588150991647.post-8560075274241157255</id><published>2009-10-18T00:19:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-07-10T17:58:10.328-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Mathematics'/><title type='text'>Jurnal Matematika Kota Banjar Divisi International Mathematics Forum</title><content type='html'>Diasuh Oleh:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;Taryono S.Pd.&lt;br /&gt;(Lulusan Cum Laud FPMIPA UPI )&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jendri Irawan&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Arip Nurahman&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia &amp;amp;  OpenCourseWare @ MIT, Cambridge MA. USA.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Langkah Strategis:&lt;br /&gt;1.Membangun Himpunan-himpunan Kelompok Keahlian Khusus Matematika Para Guru.&lt;br /&gt;Kelompok Keahlian Khusus Matematika&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-2"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics#Quantity"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Quantity&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-2"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics#Structure"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Structure&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-2"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics#Space"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Space&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-2"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics#Change"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Change&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-2"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics#Foundations_and_philosophy"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Foundations and philosophy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-2"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics#Discrete_mathematics"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Discrete mathematics&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-2"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics#Applied_mathematics"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Applied mathematics&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Mathematics&lt;/b&gt; is the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_discipline" title="Academic discipline" class="mw-redirect"&gt;academic discipline&lt;/a&gt;, and its supporting body of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge"&gt;knowledge&lt;/a&gt;, that involves the study of such concepts as &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantity" title="Quantity"&gt;quantity&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structure" title="Structure"&gt;structure&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space" title="Space"&gt;space&lt;/a&gt; and change. The mathematician &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Peirce" title="Benjamin Peirce"&gt;Benjamin Peirce&lt;/a&gt; called it "the science that draws necessary conclusions".&lt;sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics#cite_note-1" title=""&gt;[2]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Other practitioners of mathematics maintain that mathematics is the science of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattern" title="Pattern"&gt;pattern&lt;/a&gt;, and that &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematician" title="Mathematician"&gt;mathematicians&lt;/a&gt; seek out patterns whether found in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Number" title="Number"&gt;numbers&lt;/a&gt;, space, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science" title="Science"&gt;science&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer" title="Computer"&gt;computers&lt;/a&gt;, imaginary abstractions, or elsewhere.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics#cite_note-2" title=""&gt;[3]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics#cite_note-3" title=""&gt;[4]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Mathematicians explore such concepts, aiming to formulate new &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjecture" title="Conjecture"&gt;conjectures&lt;/a&gt; and establish their truth by &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigour#Mathematical_rigour" title="Rigour"&gt;rigorous&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deductive_reasoning" title="Deductive reasoning"&gt;deduction&lt;/a&gt; from appropriately chosen &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axiom" title="Axiom"&gt;axioms&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definition" title="Definition"&gt;definitions&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics#cite_note-4" title=""&gt;[5]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Through the use of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstraction_%28mathematics%29" title="Abstraction (mathematics)"&gt;abstraction&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic" title="Logic"&gt;logical&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reasoning" title="Reasoning"&gt;reasoning&lt;/a&gt;, mathematics evolved from &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counting" title="Counting"&gt;counting&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculation" title="Calculation"&gt;calculation&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measurement" title="Measurement"&gt;measurement&lt;/a&gt;, and the systematic study of the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shape" title="Shape"&gt;shapes&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_%28physics%29" title="Motion (physics)"&gt;motions&lt;/a&gt; of physical objects. Knowledge and use of basic mathematics have always been an inherent and integral part of individual and group life. Refinements of the basic ideas are visible in mathematical texts originating in the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_mathematics" title="Egyptian mathematics"&gt;ancient Egyptian&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonian_mathematics" title="Babylonian mathematics"&gt;Mesopotamian&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_mathematics" title="Indian mathematics"&gt;Indian&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_mathematics" title="Chinese mathematics"&gt;Chinese&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_mathematics" title="Greek mathematics"&gt;Greek&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_mathematics" title="Islamic mathematics" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Islamic&lt;/a&gt; worlds. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axiom" title="Axiom"&gt;Rigorous arguments&lt;/a&gt; first appeared in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_mathematics" title="Greek mathematics"&gt;Greek mathematics&lt;/a&gt;, most notably in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclid" title="Euclid"&gt;Euclid&lt;/a&gt;'s &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclid%27s_Elements" title="Euclid's Elements"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Elements&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. The development continued in fitful bursts until the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance"&gt;Renaissance&lt;/a&gt; period of the 16th century, when mathematical innovations interacted with new &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_scientific_discoveries" title="Timeline of scientific discoveries"&gt;scientific discoveries&lt;/a&gt;, leading to an acceleration in research that continues to the present day.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics#cite_note-5" title=""&gt;[6]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Today, mathematics is used throughout the world as an essential tool in many fields, including &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_science" title="Natural science"&gt;natural science&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering"&gt;engineering&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine"&gt;medicine&lt;/a&gt;, and the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_sciences" title="Social sciences"&gt;social sciences&lt;/a&gt; such as &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics" title="Economics"&gt;economics&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology"&gt;psychology&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_mathematics" title="Applied mathematics"&gt;Applied mathematics&lt;/a&gt;, the branch of mathematics concerned with application of mathematical knowledge to other fields, inspires and makes use of new mathematical discoveries and sometimes leads to the development of entirely new disciplines. Mathematicians also engage in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pure_mathematics" title="Pure mathematics"&gt;pure mathematics&lt;/a&gt;, or mathematics for its own sake, without having any application in mind, although practical applications for what began as pure mathematics are often discovered later.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics#cite_note-6" title=""&gt;[7]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;div id="toctitle"&gt; &lt;h2&gt;Contents&lt;span class="toctoggle"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics#Etymology"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Etymology&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics#History"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;2&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;History&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics#Inspiration.2C_pure_and_applied_mathematics.2C_and_aesthetics"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;3&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Inspiration, pure and applied mathematics, and aesthetics&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics#Notation.2C_language.2C_and_rigor"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;4&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Notation, language, and rigor&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics#Mathematics_as_science"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;5&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Mathematics as science&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics#Fields_of_mathematics"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;6&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Fields of mathematics&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-2"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics#Quantity"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;6.1&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Quantity&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-2"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics#Structure"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;6.2&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Structure&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-2"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics#Space"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;6.3&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Space&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-2"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics#Change"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;6.4&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Change&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-2"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics#Foundations_and_philosophy"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;6.5&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Foundations and philosophy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-2"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics#Discrete_mathematics"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;6.6&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Discrete mathematics&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-2"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics#Applied_mathematics"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;6.7&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Applied mathematics&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics#Common_misconceptions"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;7&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Common misconceptions&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-2"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics#Mathematics_and_physical_reality"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;7.1&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Mathematics and physical reality&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics#See_also"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;8&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;See also&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics#Notes"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;9&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Notes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics#References"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;10&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;References&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics#External_links"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;11&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;External links&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;Fields of mathematics&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;div class="thumb tright"&gt; &lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Abacus_6.png" class="image" title="An abacus, a simple calculating tool used since ancient times."&gt;&lt;img alt="An abacus, a simple calculating tool used since ancient times." src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Abacus_6.png/180px-Abacus_6.png" class="thumbimage" width="180" border="0" height="106" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt; &lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Abacus_6.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; An &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abacus" title="Abacus"&gt;abacus&lt;/a&gt;, a simple calculating tool used since ancient times.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;p&gt;As noted above, the major disciplines within mathematics first arose out of the need to do calculations in commerce, to understand the relationships between numbers, to measure land, and to predict &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy"&gt;astronomical&lt;/a&gt; events. These four needs can be roughly related to the broad subdivision of mathematics into the study of quantity, structure, space, and change (i.e., &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetic" title="Arithmetic"&gt;arithmetic&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebra" title="Algebra"&gt;algebra&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometry" title="Geometry"&gt;geometry&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_analysis" title="Mathematical analysis"&gt;analysis&lt;/a&gt;). In addition to these main concerns, there are also subdivisions dedicated to exploring links from the heart of mathematics to other fields: to &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_logic" title="Mathematical logic"&gt;logic&lt;/a&gt;, to &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_theory" title="Set theory"&gt;set theory&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundations_of_mathematics" title="Foundations of mathematics"&gt;foundations&lt;/a&gt;), to the empirical mathematics of the various sciences (&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_mathematics" title="Applied mathematics"&gt;applied mathematics&lt;/a&gt;), and more recently to the rigorous study of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncertainty" title="Uncertainty"&gt;uncertainty&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name="Quantity" id="Quantity"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;Quantity&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;p&gt;The study of quantity starts with &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Number" title="Number"&gt;numbers&lt;/a&gt;, first the familiar &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_number" title="Natural number"&gt;natural numbers&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integer" title="Integer"&gt;integers&lt;/a&gt; ("whole numbers") and arithmetical operations on them, which are characterized in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetic" title="Arithmetic"&gt;arithmetic&lt;/a&gt;. The deeper properties of integers are studied in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Number_theory" title="Number theory"&gt;number theory&lt;/a&gt;, whence such popular results as &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermat%27s_Last_Theorem" title="Fermat's Last Theorem"&gt;Fermat's Last Theorem&lt;/a&gt;. Number theory also holds two widely considered unsolved problems: the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin_prime_conjecture" title="Twin prime conjecture"&gt;twin prime conjecture&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldbach%27s_conjecture" title="Goldbach's conjecture"&gt;Goldbach's conjecture&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;As the number system is further developed, the integers are recognized as a &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subset" title="Subset"&gt;subset&lt;/a&gt; of the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rational_number" title="Rational number"&gt;rational numbers&lt;/a&gt; ("&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraction_%28mathematics%29" title="Fraction (mathematics)"&gt;fractions&lt;/a&gt;"). These, in turn, are contained within the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_number" title="Real number"&gt;real numbers&lt;/a&gt;, which are used to represent &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_function" title="Continuous function"&gt;continuous&lt;/a&gt; quantities. Real numbers are generalized to &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_number" title="Complex number"&gt;complex numbers&lt;/a&gt;. These are the first steps of a hierarchy of numbers that goes on to include &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarternion" title="Quarternion" class="mw-redirect"&gt;quarternions&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octonion" title="Octonion"&gt;octonions&lt;/a&gt;. Consideration of the natural numbers also leads to the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfinite_number" title="Transfinite number"&gt;transfinite numbers&lt;/a&gt;, which formalize the concept of counting to &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinity" title="Infinity"&gt;infinity&lt;/a&gt;. Another area of study is size, which leads to the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_number" title="Cardinal number"&gt;cardinal numbers&lt;/a&gt; and then to another conception of infinity: the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleph_number" title="Aleph number"&gt;aleph numbers&lt;/a&gt;, which allow meaningful comparison of the size of infinitely large sets.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;dl&gt;&lt;dd&gt; &lt;table style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); margin: auto; text-align: center; width: 649px; height: 149px;" cellspacing="20"&gt; &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;img class="tex" alt="1, 2, 3\,\!" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/1/3/6/136af90c7359909a518275461dbf3205.png" /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;img class="tex" alt="-2, -1, 0, 1, 2\,\!" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/c/c/9/cc9adac9d1c4e46a21b648b732c2d77e.png" /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;img class="tex" alt=" -2, \frac{2}{3}, 1.21\,\!" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/9/b/6/9b6892bffb24f4e8eb088036e5f7efff.png" /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;img class="tex" alt="-e, \sqrt{2}, 3, \pi\,\!" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/9/d/6/9d6f418bda5bf70193627a3ee78805f4.png" /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;img class="tex" alt="2, i, -2+3i, 2e^{i\frac{4\pi}{3}}\,\!" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/7/5/9/759cf14c729639e5c1152dad2c4843e7.png" /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_number" title="Natural number"&gt;Natural numbers&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integer" title="Integer"&gt;Integers&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rational_number" title="Rational number"&gt;Rational numbers&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_number" title="Real number"&gt;Real numbers&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_number" title="Complex number"&gt;Complex numbers&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt; &lt;/dd&gt;&lt;/dl&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name="Structure" id="Structure"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;Structure&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;p&gt;Many mathematical objects, such as &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_%28mathematics%29" title="Set (mathematics)"&gt;sets&lt;/a&gt; of numbers and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Function_%28mathematics%29" title="Function (mathematics)"&gt;functions&lt;/a&gt;, exhibit internal structure. The structural properties of these objects are investigated in the study of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_%28mathematics%29" title="Group (mathematics)"&gt;groups&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_%28mathematics%29" title="Ring (mathematics)"&gt;rings&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_%28mathematics%29" title="Field (mathematics)"&gt;fields&lt;/a&gt; and other abstract systems, which are themselves such objects. This is the field of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_algebra" title="Abstract algebra"&gt;abstract algebra&lt;/a&gt;. An important concept here is that of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_%28geometric%29" title="Vector (geometric)" class="mw-redirect"&gt;vectors&lt;/a&gt;, generalized to &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_space" title="Vector space"&gt;vector spaces&lt;/a&gt;, and studied in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_algebra" title="Linear algebra"&gt;linear algebra&lt;/a&gt;. The study of vectors combines three of the fundamental areas of mathematics: quantity, structure, and space. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_calculus" title="Vector calculus"&gt;Vector calculus&lt;/a&gt; expands the field into a fourth fundamental area, that of change. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensor_calculus" title="Tensor calculus" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Tensor calculus&lt;/a&gt; studies &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetry" title="Symmetry"&gt;symmetry&lt;/a&gt; and the behavior of vectors under &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotation" title="Rotation"&gt;rotation&lt;/a&gt;. A number of ancient problems concerning &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compass_and_straightedge_constructions" title="Compass and straightedge constructions"&gt;Compass and straightedge constructions&lt;/a&gt; were finally solved using &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galois_theory" title="Galois theory"&gt;Galois theory&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;dl&gt;&lt;dd&gt; &lt;table style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); margin: auto; text-align: center;" cellspacing="15"&gt; &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Elliptic_curve_simple.svg" class="image" title="Elliptic curve simple.svg"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Elliptic_curve_simple.svg/96px-Elliptic_curve_simple.svg.png" width="96" border="0" height="107" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Rubik%27s_cube.svg" class="image" title="Rubik's cube.svg"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Rubik%27s_cube.svg/96px-Rubik%27s_cube.svg.png" width="96" border="0" height="100" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Group_diagdram_D6.svg" class="image" title="Group diagdram D6.svg"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Group_diagdram_D6.svg/96px-Group_diagdram_D6.svg.png" width="96" border="0" height="96" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Lattice_of_the_divisibility_of_60.svg" class="image" title="Lattice of the divisibility of 60.svg"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Lattice_of_the_divisibility_of_60.svg/96px-Lattice_of_the_divisibility_of_60.svg.png" width="96" border="0" height="77" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Number_theory" title="Number theory"&gt;Number theory&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_algebra" title="Abstract algebra"&gt;Abstract algebra&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_theory" title="Group theory"&gt;Group theory&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_theory" title="Order theory"&gt;Order theory&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt; &lt;/dd&gt;&lt;/dl&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name="Space" id="Space"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;Space&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;p&gt;The study of space originates with &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometry" title="Geometry"&gt;geometry&lt;/a&gt; - in particular, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclidean_geometry" title="Euclidean geometry"&gt;Euclidean geometry&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigonometry" title="Trigonometry"&gt;Trigonometry&lt;/a&gt; combines space and numbers, and encompasses the well-known &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagorean_theorem" title="Pythagorean theorem"&gt;Pythagorean theorem&lt;/a&gt;. The modern study of space generalizes these ideas to include higher-dimensional geometry, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-euclidean_geometry" title="Non-euclidean geometry" class="mw-redirect"&gt;non-Euclidean geometries&lt;/a&gt; (which play a central role in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity"&gt;general relativity&lt;/a&gt;) and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topology" title="Topology"&gt;topology&lt;/a&gt;. Quantity and space both play a role in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytic_geometry" title="Analytic geometry"&gt;analytic geometry&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_geometry" title="Differential geometry"&gt;differential geometry&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic_geometry" title="Algebraic geometry"&gt;algebraic geometry&lt;/a&gt;. Within differential geometry are the concepts of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber_bundles" title="Fiber bundles" class="mw-redirect"&gt;fiber bundles&lt;/a&gt; and calculus on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifold" title="Manifold"&gt;manifolds&lt;/a&gt;. Within algebraic geometry is the description of geometric objects as solution sets of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynomial" title="Polynomial"&gt;polynomial&lt;/a&gt; equations, combining the concepts of quantity and space, and also the study of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topological_groups" title="Topological groups" class="mw-redirect"&gt;topological groups&lt;/a&gt;, which combine structure and space. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lie_group" title="Lie group"&gt;Lie groups&lt;/a&gt; are used to study space, structure, and change. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topology" title="Topology"&gt;Topology&lt;/a&gt; in all its many ramifications may have been the greatest growth area in 20th century mathematics, and includes the long-standing &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poincar%C3%A9_conjecture" title="Poincaré conjecture"&gt;Poincaré conjecture&lt;/a&gt; and the controversial &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_color_theorem" title="Four color theorem"&gt;four color theorem&lt;/a&gt;, whose only proof, by computer, has never been verified by a human.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;dl&gt;&lt;dd&gt; &lt;table style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); margin: auto; text-align: center; width: 609px; height: 193px;" cellspacing="15"&gt; &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Illustration_to_Euclid%27s_proof_of_the_Pythagorean_theorem.svg" class="image" title="Illustration to Euclid's proof of the Pythagorean theorem.svg"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Illustration_to_Euclid%27s_proof_of_the_Pythagorean_theorem.svg/96px-Illustration_to_Euclid%27s_proof_of_the_Pythagorean_theorem.svg.png" width="96" border="0" height="104" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Sine_cosine_plot.svg" class="image" title="Sine cosine plot.svg"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Sine_cosine_plot.svg/96px-Sine_cosine_plot.svg.png" width="96" border="0" height="64" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Hyperbolic_triangle.svg" class="image" title="Hyperbolic triangle.svg"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Hyperbolic_triangle.svg/96px-Hyperbolic_triangle.svg.png" width="96" border="0" height="64" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Torus.png" class="image" title="Torus.png"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Torus.png/96px-Torus.png" width="96" border="0" height="61" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Koch_curve.svg" class="image" title="Koch curve.svg"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Koch_curve.svg/96px-Koch_curve.svg.png" width="96" border="0" height="28" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometry" title="Geometry"&gt;Geometry&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigonometry" title="Trigonometry"&gt;Trigonometry&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_geometry" title="Differential geometry"&gt;Differential geometry&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topology" title="Topology"&gt;Topology&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractal" title="Fractal"&gt;Fractal geometry&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt; &lt;/dd&gt;&lt;/dl&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name="Change" id="Change"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;Change&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;p&gt;Understanding and describing change is a common theme in the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_science" title="Natural science"&gt;natural sciences&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculus" title="Calculus"&gt;calculus&lt;/a&gt; was developed as a powerful tool to investigate it. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Function_%28mathematics%29" title="Function (mathematics)"&gt;Functions&lt;/a&gt; arise here, as a central concept describing a changing quantity. The rigorous study of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_number" title="Real number"&gt;real numbers&lt;/a&gt; and real-valued functions is known as &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_analysis" title="Real analysis"&gt;real analysis&lt;/a&gt;, with &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_analysis" title="Complex analysis"&gt;complex analysis&lt;/a&gt; the equivalent field for the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_number" title="Complex number"&gt;complex numbers&lt;/a&gt;. The &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemann_hypothesis" title="Riemann hypothesis"&gt;Riemann hypothesis&lt;/a&gt;, one of the most fundamental open questions in mathematics, is drawn from complex analysis. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_analysis" title="Functional analysis"&gt;Functional analysis&lt;/a&gt; focuses attention on (typically infinite-dimensional) &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space#Mathematics" title="Space"&gt;spaces&lt;/a&gt; of functions. One of many applications of functional analysis is &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics"&gt;quantum mechanics&lt;/a&gt;. Many problems lead naturally to relationships between a quantity and its rate of change, and these are studied as &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_equation" title="Differential equation"&gt;differential equations&lt;/a&gt;. Many phenomena in nature can be described by &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamical_system" title="Dynamical system"&gt;dynamical systems&lt;/a&gt;; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaos_theory" title="Chaos theory"&gt;chaos theory&lt;/a&gt; makes precise the ways in which many of these systems exhibit unpredictable yet still &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deterministic_system_%28mathematics%29" title="Deterministic system (mathematics)"&gt;deterministic&lt;/a&gt; behavior.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;table style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); margin: auto; text-align: center; width: 638px; height: 200px;" cellspacing="20"&gt; &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Integral_as_region_under_curve.svg" class="image" title="Integral as region under curve.svg"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Integral_as_region_under_curve.svg/96px-Integral_as_region_under_curve.svg.png" width="96" border="0" height="84" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Vector_field.svg" class="image" title="Vector field.svg"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Vector_field.svg/96px-Vector_field.svg.png" width="96" border="0" height="96" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Airflow-Obstructed-Duct.png" class="image" title="Airflow-Obstructed-Duct.png"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Airflow-Obstructed-Duct.png/96px-Airflow-Obstructed-Duct.png" width="96" border="0" height="69" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Limitcycle.jpg" class="image" title="Limitcycle.jpg"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Limitcycle.jpg/96px-Limitcycle.jpg" width="96" border="0" height="72" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Lorenz_attractor.svg" class="image" title="Lorenz attractor.svg"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Lorenz_attractor.svg/96px-Lorenz_attractor.svg.png" width="96" border="0" height="96" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculus" title="Calculus"&gt;Calculus&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_calculus" title="Vector calculus"&gt;Vector calculus&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_equation" title="Differential equation"&gt;Differential equations&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamical_system" title="Dynamical system"&gt;Dynamical systems&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaos_theory" title="Chaos theory"&gt;Chaos theory&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name="Foundations_and_philosophy" id="Foundations_and_philosophy"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;Foundations and philosophy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;p&gt;In order to clarify the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundations_of_mathematics" title="Foundations of mathematics"&gt;foundations of mathematics&lt;/a&gt;, the fields of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_logic" title="Mathematical logic"&gt;mathematical logic&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_theory" title="Set theory"&gt;set theory&lt;/a&gt; were developed, as well as &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category_theory" title="Category theory"&gt;category theory&lt;/a&gt; which is still in development. The crisis of foundations, which is the early 20th century's term for the search for proper foundations of mathematics, is a persistent phenomenon; it is illustrated by a number of controversies, including the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controversy_over_Cantor%27s_theory" title="Controversy over Cantor's theory"&gt;controversy over Cantor's theory&lt;/a&gt;, the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brouwer-Hilbert_controversy" title="Brouwer-Hilbert controversy"&gt;Brouwer-Hilbert controversy&lt;/a&gt; and the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop-Keisler_controversy" title="Bishop-Keisler controversy"&gt;Bishop-Keisler controversy&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Mathematical logic is concerned with setting mathematics on a rigid &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axiom" title="Axiom"&gt;axiomatic&lt;/a&gt; framework, and studying the results of such a framework. As such, it is home to &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6del%27s_incompleteness_theorems#Second_incompleteness_theorem" title="Gödel's incompleteness theorems"&gt;Gödel's second incompleteness theorem&lt;/a&gt;, perhaps the most widely celebrated result in logic, which (informally) implies that any &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_system" title="Formal system"&gt;formal system&lt;/a&gt; that contains basic arithmetic, if &lt;i&gt;sound&lt;/i&gt; (meaning that all theorems that can be proven are true), is necessarily &lt;i&gt;incomplete&lt;/i&gt; (meaning that there are true theorems which cannot be proved &lt;i&gt;in that system&lt;/i&gt;). Gödel showed how to construct, whatever the given collection of number-theoretical axioms, a formal statement in the logic that is a true number-theoretical fact, but which does not follow from those axioms. Therefore no formal system is a true axiomatization of full number theory. Modern logic is divided into &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recursion_theory" title="Recursion theory"&gt;recursion theory&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_theory" title="Model theory"&gt;model theory&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof_theory" title="Proof theory"&gt;proof theory&lt;/a&gt;, and is closely linked to &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoretical_computer_science" title="Theoretical computer science"&gt;theoretical&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science"&gt;computer science&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;dl&gt;&lt;dd&gt; &lt;table style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); margin: auto; text-align: center;" cellspacing="15"&gt; &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;img class="tex" alt=" p \Rightarrow q \," src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/a/6/4/a644166cefb23015623cb1670becf7b2.png" /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Venn_A_intersect_B.svg" class="image" title="Venn A intersect B.svg"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Venn_A_intersect_B.svg/128px-Venn_A_intersect_B.svg.png" width="128" border="0" height="84" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Commutative_diagram_for_morphism.svg" class="image" title="Commutative diagram for morphism.svg"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Commutative_diagram_for_morphism.svg/96px-Commutative_diagram_for_morphism.svg.png" width="96" border="0" height="96" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_logic" title="Mathematical logic"&gt;Mathematical logic&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_theory" title="Set theory"&gt;Set theory&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category_theory" title="Category theory"&gt;Category theory&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt; &lt;/dd&gt;&lt;/dl&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name="Discrete_mathematics" id="Discrete_mathematics"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;Discrete mathematics&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrete_mathematics" title="Discrete mathematics"&gt;Discrete mathematics&lt;/a&gt; is the common name for the fields of mathematics most generally useful in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoretical_computer_science" title="Theoretical computer science"&gt;theoretical computer science&lt;/a&gt;. This includes &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computability_theory_%28computation%29" title="Computability theory (computation)" class="mw-redirect"&gt;computability theory&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_complexity_theory" title="Computational complexity theory"&gt;computational complexity theory&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_theory" title="Information theory"&gt;information theory&lt;/a&gt;. Computability theory examines the limitations of various theoretical models of the computer, including the most powerful known model - the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing_machine" title="Turing machine"&gt;Turing machine&lt;/a&gt;. Complexity theory is the study of tractability by computer; some problems, although theoretically solvable by computer, are so expensive in terms of time or space that solving them is likely to remain practically unfeasible, even with rapid advance of computer hardware. Finally, information theory is concerned with the amount of data that can be stored on a given medium, and hence deals with concepts such as &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression"&gt;compression&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy_%28information_theory%29" title="Entropy (information theory)"&gt;entropy&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;As a relatively new field, discrete mathematics has a number of fundamental open problems. The most famous of these is the "&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P_%3D_NP_problem" title="P = NP problem"&gt;P=NP?&lt;/a&gt;" problem, one of the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_Prize_Problems" title="Millennium Prize Problems"&gt;Millennium Prize Problems&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics#cite_note-19" title=""&gt;[20]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;dl&gt;&lt;dd&gt; &lt;table style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); margin: auto; text-align: center;" cellspacing="15"&gt; &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;img class="tex" alt="\begin{matrix} (1,2,3) &amp;amp; (1,3,2) \\ (2,1,3) &amp;amp; (2,3,1) \\ (3,1,2) &amp;amp; (3,2,1) \end{matrix}" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/b/c/a/bca5b51d15b30266dc37decb94175dc2.png" /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:DFAexample.svg" class="image" title="DFAexample.svg"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/DFAexample.svg/96px-DFAexample.svg.png" width="96" border="0" height="57" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Caesar3.svg" class="image" title="Caesar3.svg"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Caesar3.svg/96px-Caesar3.svg.png" width="96" border="0" height="40" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:6n-graf.svg" class="image" title="6n-graf.svg"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/6n-graf.svg/96px-6n-graf.svg.png" width="96" border="0" height="63" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combinatorics" title="Combinatorics"&gt;Combinatorics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_computation" title="Theory of computation"&gt;Theory of computation&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptography" title="Cryptography"&gt;Cryptography&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_theory" title="Graph theory"&gt;Graph theory&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt; &lt;/dd&gt;&lt;/dl&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name="Applied_mathematics" id="Applied_mathematics"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;Applied mathematics&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_mathematics" title="Applied mathematics"&gt;Applied mathematics&lt;/a&gt; considers the use of abstract mathematical tools in solving concrete problems in the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science" title="Science"&gt;sciences&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business" title="Business"&gt;business&lt;/a&gt;, and other areas. An important field in applied mathematics is &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics"&gt;statistics&lt;/a&gt;, which uses &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability_theory" title="Probability theory"&gt;probability theory&lt;/a&gt; as a tool and allows the description, analysis, and prediction of phenomena where chance plays a role. Most experiments, surveys and observational studies require the informed use of statistics. (Many statisticians, however, do not consider themselves to be mathematicians, but rather part of an allied group.) &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_analysis" title="Numerical analysis"&gt;Numerical analysis&lt;/a&gt; investigates computational methods for efficiently solving a broad range of mathematical problems that are typically too large for human numerical capacity; it includes the study of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rounding_error" title="Rounding error" class="mw-redirect"&gt;rounding errors&lt;/a&gt; or other sources of error in computation.&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;table class="gallery" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;div class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px;"&gt; &lt;div class="thumb" style="padding: 33px 0pt; width: 150px;"&gt; &lt;div style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 120px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Gravitation_space_source.png" class="image" title="Gravitation space source.png"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Gravitation_space_source.png/120px-Gravitation_space_source.png" width="120" border="0" height="80" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="gallerytext"&gt; &lt;center&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_physics" title="Mathematical physics"&gt;Mathematical physics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/center&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;div class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px;"&gt; &lt;div class="thumb" style="padding: 45px 0pt; width: 150px;"&gt; &lt;div style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 120px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:BernoullisLawDerivationDiagram.svg" class="image" title="BernoullisLawDerivationDiagram.svg"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/BernoullisLawDerivationDiagram.svg/120px-BernoullisLawDerivationDiagram.svg.png" width="120" border="0" height="56" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="gallerytext"&gt; &lt;center&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid_mechanics" title="Fluid mechanics"&gt;Mathematical fluid dynamics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/center&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;div class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px;"&gt; &lt;div class="thumb" style="padding: 33px 0pt; width: 150px;"&gt; &lt;div style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 120px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Composite_trapezoidal_rule_illustration_small.svg" class="image" title="Composite trapezoidal rule illustration small.svg"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Composite_trapezoidal_rule_illustration_small.svg/120px-Composite_trapezoidal_rule_illustration_small.svg.png" width="120" border="0" height="80" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="gallerytext"&gt; &lt;center&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_analysis" title="Numerical analysis"&gt;Numerical analysis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/center&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;div class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px;"&gt; &lt;div class="thumb" style="padding: 16px 0pt; width: 150px;"&gt; &lt;div style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 120px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Maximum_boxed.png" class="image" title="Maximum boxed.png"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Maximum_boxed.png/120px-Maximum_boxed.png" width="120" border="0" height="113" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="gallerytext"&gt; &lt;center&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimization_%28mathematics%29" title="Optimization (mathematics)"&gt;Optimization&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/center&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;div class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px;"&gt; &lt;div class="thumb" style="padding: 34px 0pt; width: 150px;"&gt; &lt;div style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 120px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Two_red_dice_01.svg" class="image" title="Two red dice 01.svg"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Two_red_dice_01.svg/120px-Two_red_dice_01.svg.png" width="120" border="0" height="77" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="gallerytext"&gt; &lt;center&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability_theory" title="Probability theory"&gt;Probability theory&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/center&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;div class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px;"&gt; &lt;div class="thumb" style="padding: 13px 0pt; width: 150px;"&gt; &lt;div style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 120px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Oldfaithful3.png" class="image" title="Oldfaithful3.png"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Oldfaithful3.png/120px-Oldfaithful3.png" width="120" border="0" height="120" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="gallerytext"&gt; &lt;center&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics"&gt;Statistics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/center&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;div class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px;"&gt; &lt;div class="thumb" style="padding: 33px 0pt; width: 150px;"&gt; &lt;div style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 120px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Market_Data_Index_NYA_on_20050726_202628_UTC.png" class="image" title="Market Data Index NYA on 20050726 202628 UTC.png"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Market_Data_Index_NYA_on_20050726_202628_UTC.png/120px-Market_Data_Index_NYA_on_20050726_202628_UTC.png" width="120" border="0" height="80" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="gallerytext"&gt; &lt;center&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_mathematics" title="Financial mathematics" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Financial mathematics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/center&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;div class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px;"&gt; &lt;div class="thumb" style="padding: 32px 0pt; width: 150px;"&gt; &lt;div style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 120px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Arbitrary-gametree-solved.svg" class="image" title="Arbitrary-gametree-solved.svg"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Arbitrary-gametree-solved.svg/120px-Arbitrary-gametree-solved.svg.png" width="120" border="0" height="82" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="gallerytext"&gt; &lt;center&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_theory" title="Game theory"&gt;Game theory&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/center&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/217481588150991647-8560075274241157255?l=timolimpiadekotabanjar.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://timolimpiadekotabanjar.blogspot.com/feeds/8560075274241157255/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=217481588150991647&amp;postID=8560075274241157255' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/217481588150991647/posts/default/8560075274241157255'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/217481588150991647/posts/default/8560075274241157255'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://timolimpiadekotabanjar.blogspot.com/2008/09/e.html' title='Jurnal Matematika Kota Banjar Divisi International Mathematics Forum'/><author><name>TOKOBA</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/15169116013076235860</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-217481588150991647.post-8498502800840329129</id><published>2009-09-19T00:19:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-07-10T17:57:18.745-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Olimpiae Kebumian'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Arip Nurahman'/><title type='text'>Soal Olimpiade Kebumian</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_9LwNY6hDx6w/TFfABhV7sBI/AAAAAAAAAIU/YjiJfca1PfQ/s1600/Arip+Nurahman1.bmp" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"&gt;&lt;img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 310px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_9LwNY6hDx6w/TFfABhV7sBI/AAAAAAAAAIU/YjiJfca1PfQ/s400/Arip+Nurahman1.bmp" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5501076602219114514" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_9LwNY6hDx6w/TFe_fnYOGjI/AAAAAAAAAIM/rpgTMNMAGnI/s1600/Arip+Nurahman.bmp" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"&gt;&lt;img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 326px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_9LwNY6hDx6w/TFe_fnYOGjI/AAAAAAAAAIM/rpgTMNMAGnI/s400/Arip+Nurahman.bmp" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5501076019723770418" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/217481588150991647-8498502800840329129?l=timolimpiadekotabanjar.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://timolimpiadekotabanjar.blogspot.com/feeds/8498502800840329129/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=217481588150991647&amp;postID=8498502800840329129' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/217481588150991647/posts/default/8498502800840329129'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/217481588150991647/posts/default/8498502800840329129'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://timolimpiadekotabanjar.blogspot.com/2008/09/e_19.html' title='Soal Olimpiade Kebumian'/><author><name>TOKOBA</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/15169116013076235860</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_9LwNY6hDx6w/TFfABhV7sBI/AAAAAAAAAIU/YjiJfca1PfQ/s72-c/Arip+Nurahman1.bmp' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-217481588150991647.post-278831552189549621</id><published>2009-08-18T00:19:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-07-10T17:30:48.474-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Sekolah'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Arip Nurahman'/><title type='text'>Materi Pelajaran Sains di Sekolah</title><content type='html'>&lt;p style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px; font-weight: normal;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 150%;"&gt;Materi Pelajaran Sains di Sekolah&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 150%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Diedit dan Ditambahkan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 150%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;Oleh:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 150%;"&gt;Endang Jaenudin  S.Pd.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 150%;"&gt;SMAN 1 Banjar&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_9LwNY6hDx6w/SNNkx8Vvk6I/AAAAAAAAAEA/d4bwtcoMSLU/s1600-h/arip+nurahman+logo+sman+1+banjar.JPG" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_9LwNY6hDx6w/SNNkx8Vvk6I/AAAAAAAAAEA/d4bwtcoMSLU/s320/arip+nurahman+logo+sman+1+banjar.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5247648799990453154" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 150%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 150%;"&gt;dan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 150%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 150%;"&gt;Arip Nurahman, Ade Akhyar N., Ridwan Firdaus,. Anton Timur J. dan Agung Febrianto&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 150%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 150%;"&gt;Indonesia University of Education&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 150%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_9LwNY6hDx6w/SO-A0ptG1sI/AAAAAAAAAHI/zb64_0lxgDk/s1600-h/arip+nurahman.JPG" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_9LwNY6hDx6w/SO-A0ptG1sI/AAAAAAAAAHI/zb64_0lxgDk/s200/arip+nurahman.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5255560932201256642" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_9LwNY6hDx6w/SNNlHVFAIXI/AAAAAAAAAEI/1l724spL_oo/s1600-h/arip+nurahman+logo+upi+bandung.JPG" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;klik di bawah untuk National Academic Press&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nap.edu/html/nses/images/8.2.gif" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px;" src="http://www.nap.edu/html/nses/images/8.2.gif" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left; line-height: 150%; font-weight: bold;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Abstract:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Science education&lt;/b&gt; is the field concerned with sharing &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science" title="Science"&gt;science&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Content" title="Content"&gt;content&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process" title="Process"&gt;process&lt;/a&gt; with individuals not traditionally considered part of the scientific community. The target individuals may be children, college students, or adults within the general public. The field of science education comprises science content, some &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology"&gt;sociology&lt;/a&gt;, and some teaching &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedagogy" title="Pedagogy"&gt;pedagogy&lt;/a&gt;.The standards for science education provide expectations for the development of understanding for students through the entire course of their k-12 education. The traditional subjects included in the standards are physical, life, and earth and space sciences.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Keyword: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=""&gt;&lt;a style="font-style: italic;" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science%2C_technology%2C_society_and_environment_education" title="Science, technology, society and environment education"&gt;Science&lt;span style="text-decoration: none;"&gt;, technology, society and environment education&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i style=""&gt;&lt;a style="font-style: italic;" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science%2C_technology%2C_society_and_environment_education" title="Science, technology, society and environment education"&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: none;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Introduction&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%;"&gt;Science education in secondary schools began in the &lt;st1:country-region&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;UK&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt; around 1870, but it was not widespread until much later. The first step came when the &lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;st1:placename&gt;British&lt;/st1:placename&gt; &lt;st1:placetype&gt;Academy&lt;/st1:placetype&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt; for the Advancement of Science (BAAS) published a report in 1867 (&lt;st1:city&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;Layton&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:city&gt;, 1981). BAAS promoted teaching of “pure science” and training of the “scientific habit of mind.” The progressive education movement of the time supported the ideology of mental training through the sciences. BAAS emphasized separately pre-professional training in secondary science education. In this way, future BAAS members could be prepared.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%;"&gt;The initial development of science teaching was slowed by the lack of qualified teachers. One key development was the founding of the first London School Board in 1870, which discussed the school curriculum; another was the initiation of courses to supply the country with trained science teachers. In both cases the influence of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Henry_Huxley" title="Thomas Henry Huxley"&gt;Thomas Henry Huxley&lt;/a&gt; was critical (see especially &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Henry_Huxley#Educational_influence" title="Thomas Henry Huxley"&gt;Thomas Henry Huxley#Educational influence&lt;/a&gt;). &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyndall" title="John Tyndall"&gt;John Tyndall&lt;/a&gt; was also influential in the teaching of physical science.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-0"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_education#cite_note-0" title=""&gt;[1]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%;"&gt;In the &lt;st1:country-region&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;US&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;, science education was a scatter of subjects prior to its standardization in the 1890’s (Del Giorno, 1969). The development of a science curriculum in the &lt;st1:country-region&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;US&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt; emerged gradually after extended debate between two ideologies, citizen science and pre-professional training. The National Education Association formed a Committee of Ten in 1892 to formulate a curriculum.The committee was composed of educators and was chaired by Charles Eliot of Harvard University. Two major recommendations of the committee were to introduce core subjects and teaching subjects for college-bound and terminal students. The committee recommended eight years of elementary education and four years of secondary education for students. According to the Committee of Ten, the goal of high school was to prepare all students to do well in life, contributing to their well-being and the good of society. Another goal was to prepare some students to succeed in college. &lt;sup id="cite_ref-1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_education#cite_note-1" title=""&gt;[2]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%;"&gt;This committee supported the citizen science approach focused on mental training and withheld performance in science studies from consideration for college entrance (Hurd, 1991). The BAAS encouraged their longer standing model in the &lt;st1:country-region&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;UK&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt; (Jenkins, 1985). The &lt;st1:country-region&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;US&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt; adopted a curriculum that was similar to the &lt;st1:country-region&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;UK&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt; secondary schools; it included both pre-professional training and mental training.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%;"&gt;The format of shared mental training and pre-professional training consistently dominated the curriculum from its inception to now. However, the movement to incorporate a humanistic approach, such as is &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science%2C_technology%2C_society_and_environment_education" title="Science, technology, society and environment education"&gt;science, technology, society and environment education&lt;/a&gt; is growing and being implemented more broadly in the late 20th century (Aikenhead, 1994). Reports by the &lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;st1:placename&gt;American&lt;/st1:placename&gt; &lt;st1:placetype&gt;Academy&lt;/st1:placetype&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt; for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), including Project 2061, and by the National Committee on Science Education Standards and Assessment detail goals for science education that link classroom science to practical applications and societal implications.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;  Contents&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 150%;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"&gt;Sains dapat mempunyai beragam arti dan pendekatan. Hal yang sama juga terjadi ketika kita mengidetifikasi fokus utama apa yang akan diajarkan pada pelajaran sains di sekolah. Paling tidak terdapat tiga fokus utama pengajaran sains di sekolah, yaitu dapat berbentuk:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;ol start="1" type="1"&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style=""&gt;Produk dari sains, yaitu      pemberian berbagai pengetahuan ilmiah yang dianggap penting untuk      diketahui siswa. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style=""&gt;Sains sebagai proses, yang      berkonsentrasi pada sains sebagia metoda pemecahan masalah untuk      mengembangkan keahlian siswa dalam memecahkan masalah.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style=""&gt;Pandangan yang lebih luas      tentang sains, seperti dampak sains dan teknologi terhadap masyarakat&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"&gt;&lt;span id="more-53"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Seorang guru sains atau perancang kurikulum akan berpandangan bahwa ketiga komponen tersebut penting ada dalam pengajaran sains untuk mengembangkan pemahanan siswa tentang sains. Walaupun begitu pandangan berapa proporsi yang tepat dari masing-masing pendekatan akan merupakan sesuatu yang dapat diperdebatkan. Apalagi bila hal tersebut secara spesifik akan diajarkan pada tingkatan usia siswa tertentu ataupun dengan beragamnya kemampuan siswa dalam satu kelas, biasanya hanya seorang guru sains di sekolah yang lebih bisa menjawab.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"&gt;Namun, terdapat pendekatan lain dalam pengajaran sains. Seorang guru dapat memperkaya pemahaman siswa tentang sains melalui berbagai pendekatan lain yaitu: sikap dan nilai ilmiah (termasuk didalamnya rasa ingin tahu tentang alam sekitar); pemahaman sifat alami sains (seperti pengetahuan mengenai proses dimana seorang ilmuwan mengembangkan ide-ide ilmiah baru); dan keterampilan individu dan sosial dari siswa.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;b&gt;Sains Sebagai Produk&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"&gt;Ketika ilmu pengetahuan ilmiah terus berkembang maju yang berisi berbagai penjelasan dan paparan berbagai penyataan yang telah divalidasi oleh para ilmuwan, ternyata hanya sebagaian kecil saja dari hal tersebut yang dapat diajarkan di sekolah. Malahan, hasil dari seleksi ini pun cenderung merupakan berbagai penyederhanaan dari pandangan ilmuwan dalam usaha untuk menjadikan sains lebih mudah dipahami oleh siswa sekolah. Hasil seleksi ini kemudian muncul diantaranya dalam bentuk dokumen kurikulum pengajaran sains sekolah serta silabusnya, buku teks, lembar kerja siswa maupun prosedur percobaan laboratorium.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"&gt;Materi pelajaran sains yang diberikan di sekolah oleh perancang kurikulum sains biasanya dikenalkan relatif secara berurutan dan berlanjut sebagai persiapan untuk pelajaran di tingkat selanjutnya. Tujuan dari pengajaran sains sebagai produk ini adalah untuk mengembangkan pemahaman konseptual siswa terhadap sains. Isi pelajaran meliputi berbagai fakta, konsep-konsep, prinsip-prinsip, hukum-hukum alam, model-model dan teori-teori yang membentuk pengetahuan formal ilmu pengetahuan. Disamping itu juga terdapat berbagai latihan pemecahan masalah baik secara tertulis maupun percobaan laboratorium yang umumnya mempunyai jawaban tunggal.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"&gt;Hubungan sesungguhnya dari materi pelajaran sains di sekolah dengan sains yang absah pada saat ini tidaklah selalu sama. Hal ini dikarenakan usia siswa dan latar belakang pengetahuan yang terbatas, sehingga kebanyakan isi buku teks merupakan versi singkat dari pengetahuan sains yang valid di waktu tertentu atau versi terbatas dari pandangan sains mutakhir. Dalam kenyataannya sangat sedikit dari materi sains yang diajarkan di sekolah merupakan versi yang masih berlaku diantara ilmuwan saat ini. Akibatnya sains digunakan sesuai pandangan ilmuwan instrumentalis, atau sebagai model yang membantu secara bertahap perkembangan pemahaman siswa ke arah pandangan ilmiah yang sebenarnya.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"&gt;Pengajaran sains melalui buku teks juga selalu ditampilkan dalam cabang-cabang sains seperti yang berlaku di universitas, yaitu dipisahkan dalam pelajaran-pelajaran: biologi, kimia dan fisika (yang termasuk didalamnya juga geologi dan astronomi). Pendekatan pengajaran sains melalui buku teks juga memunculkan focus yang bersifat pemindahan pengetahuan dari guru ke siswa dimana berbagai komponen pengetahuan sains tersebut (seperti konsep-konsep, hukum-hukum, teori-teori dsb.) biasanya ditampilkan sebagai kebenaran tunggal. Metoda pengajaran yang digunakan pun cenderung tradisional dimana peran guru sangat dominant. Kalau pun menggunakan metoda laboratorium, prosedur praktikumnya sebatas model ‘resep masak’ yang terstruktur dan berurutan serta bertujuan untuk memperkuat pemahaman siswa akan materi pelajaran yang telah diajarkan.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"&gt;Sejarah pengajaran sains dunia, khususnya di negara barat yang kemudian berpengaruh ke berbagai negara lain seperti &lt;st1:country-region&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;Indonesia&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;, menunjukkan adanya perubahan pola pengajaran sains yang mendasar. Kesuksesan Uni Soviet tahun 1957 lalu dalam meluncurkan satelit pertama buatan manusia ke luar angkasa, membuat kaget Amerika Serikat dan mengakibatkan dipandang perlunya mengubah pendekatan pengajaran sains. Hasilnya adalah kurikulum pengajaran sains dengan pendekatan pada sains sebagai produk yang menerapkan pola yang biasa disebut &lt;em&gt;scientists’ science&lt;/em&gt; (ilmu pengetahuan sebagaimana dipahami oleh ilmuwan). Melalui pendekatan ini, dikenal dengan kurikulum sains post-Sputnik, diharapkan siswa sejak awal terbiasa berpikir dan mempunyai pengetahuan seperti halnya ilmuwan. Berbagai riset tentang pengajaran sains ternyata menunjukkan bahwa sains sebagai produk pada pola post-Sputnik ini mempunyai beberapa kelemahan, diantaranya beban pelajaran yang terlalu padat, tingkat abstraksi yang terlalu tinggi dan rumit bagi rata-rata siswa, serta pola dasar, struktur, urutan pelajaran sains yang bisa jadi memang tidak kondusif membuat siswa dengan mudah mempelajari sains. Sehingga berbagai usulan perbaikan pun dilontarkan baik berupa penyederhanaan materi yang perlu diajari siswa ataupun perubahan struktur pelajaran dengan maksud lebih mendekatkan dengan kehidupan nyata siswa.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"&gt;Untuk pelajaran biologi sekolah misalnya, American Association for the Advancement of Science yang menerbitkan laporan pada tahun 1993 dengan nama “&lt;em&gt;Benchmarks for Science Literacy&lt;/em&gt;” (juga dikenal dengan nama “Project 2061”) menyarankan cukup enam ide utama saja dalam biologi yang perlu dipelajari siswa. Pokok bahasan yang dianggap penting itu adalah: keberagaman mahluk hidup, hereditas, sel, interdependensi antara mahluk hidup, aliran materi dan energi, dan evolusi. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%;"&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;st1:placename&gt;Sedangkan&lt;/st1:placename&gt;  &lt;st1:placename&gt;Australian&lt;/st1:placename&gt; &lt;st1:placetype&gt;Academy&lt;/st1:placetype&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt; of Sciences membuat riset tentang pengajaran kimia di sekolah yang hasilnya adalah perlunya mengenalkan kimia berdasar fakta-fakta yang mudah dikenali siswa. Hasilnya adalah buku teks, terbit tahun 1984, dengan menyusun materi pelajaran berdasar tema dari teori komposisi alam dari zaman kuno yang berjudul “&lt;em&gt;Elements of Chemistry: Earth, Air, Fire and Water&lt;/em&gt;”.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%;"&gt;Kedua contoh di atas menunjukkan bahwa isi pelajaran sains sebagai produk pada siswa bisa mengalami pergeseran pendekatan sesuai perkembangan zaman dan riset terbaru, serta apa saja yang perlu diajarkan dan urutanya akan sangat tergantung dari analisis dan perencanaan yang dilakukan oleh guru mata pelajaran sains. Kurikulum yang terakhir diterapkan di &lt;st1:country-region&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;Indonesia&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;, disebut dengan KTSP (kurikulum tingkat satuan pelajaran) yang memakai acuan dengan istilah standar kompetensi dan kompetensi dasar lebih memberikan fleksibilitas pada guru dalam hal penyusunan pengajaran sains sebagai produk&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;b&gt;Sains Sebagai Proses&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"&gt;Sains sebagai proses mempunyai pendekatan berbeda dengan sains sebagai produk. Fokus utamanya adalah dalam hal upaya sains untuk melakukan pemecahan masalah yang tertentu. Secara umum, hal ini berarti para siswa didorong untuk menggunakan ketrampilan yang dimiliki seperti halnya ketrampilan dan keahlian para ilmuwan dalam memecahkan masalah ilmiah. Berbagai keahlian dan ketrampilan ini sangat bernilai bagi siswa baik untuk memahami pelajaran sains maupun diluar konteks pelajaran. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%;"&gt;Pengajaran sains sebagai proses menuntut perubahan metoda mengajar dari pola pengajaran sains sebagai produk. Pengajaran sains buku teks biasanya menggunakan proses pengajaran dalam urutan yang terstruktur secara baik dimana pengetahuan yang direncanakan bisa dipahami dengan baik oleh siswa, namun pengajaran sains sebagai proses menerapkan pola pengajaran guru yang tidak terstruktur. Hal ini tidaklah berarti akan lebih mudah, malahan akan lebih sulit dan membutuhkan kehalian dan ketrampilan mengorganisasi yang baik dari seorang guru sains. &lt;st1:place&gt;Para&lt;/st1:place&gt; siswa diharapkan akan terlibat secara individu atau dalam kelompok kecil untuk melakukan rencana mereka sendiri. Pengaturan ada pada siswa, sedangkan guru hanya sebagai fasilitator dan bukannya mengatur.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%;"&gt;Tentu saja pengajaran pola ini akan terasa mengancam kewibawaan guru. Ketika seorang guru mengajar dengan pola buku teks, dia menentukan tujuan pembelajaran dan dapat mengetahui secara pasti materi pelajaran yang akan diberikan. Namun, siswa yang diajarkan dengan metoda sains sebagai proses yang melakukan penelitian dan berhadapan dengan masalah nyata akan memunculkan pertanyaan yang tidak akan secara mudah dijawab, dan bisa jadi malah tidak ada jawaban yang dapat diketahui secara pasti.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 150%;"&gt;Materi Pelajaran Sains di Sekolah&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;b&gt;Pengajaran Sains, Teknologi dan Masyarakat&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%;"&gt;Pendekatan sains, teknologi dan masyarakat (STM) atau biasa juga di &lt;st1:country-region&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;Indonesia&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt; disebut dengan Salingtemas (sains-lingkungan-teknologi-masyarakat) mulai berkembang pada dasarwarsa 70-an, sebagai reaksi dari pola pengajaran sains post-Sputnik. Titik penekanan dari pola ini adalah mengembangkan hubungan antara pengetahuan ilmiah siswa dengan pengalaman keseharian mereka. Paling tidak terdapat dua konteks dalam pedekatan STM ini. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"&gt;&lt;span id="more-54"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Konteks pertama adalah interaksi sehari-hari siswa dengan dunia sekitarnya. Suatu pengetahuan ilmiah yang luas akan memperkaya kehidupan individu, juga membuat berbagai pengalaman untuk diinterpretasi pada tahap yang berbeda. Pengembaraan di kebun atau hutan misalnya, akan memperoleh suatu pengalaman yang lain bila si pengembara/siswa tersebut memiliki pengetahuan biologi dan geologi. Berhubungan dengan hal ini juga adalah ketika pengetahuan ilmiah digunakan dalam menyelesaikan masalah praktis yang bisa muncul kapan saja di sekitar rumah tangga, seperti memperbaiki mainan atau peralatan listrik yang rusak. Namun, hal ini sudah lama disadari bahwa jika guru ingin siswanya mampu melakukan aplikasi pengetahuan ilmiah, maka latihan yang diberikan untuk hal itu harus lebih banyak. Untuk kebanyakan siswa, hal ini tidak datang secara alami, dan pengetahuan serta ketrampilan yang dipelajari di kelas sains biasanya disimpan dalam “kotak ingatan” yang berbeda dengan yang digunakan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"&gt;Konteks yang kedua melibatkan cakupan yang lebih luas antara sains melalui teknologi terhadap masyarakat, dengan tujuan ini pengajaran sains bergerak keluar dari sekedar pengajaran sains di kelas. Berbagai materi mulai dari dampak pencemaran udara terhadap lingkungan seperti efek rumah kaca yang berlanjut ke hujan asam, pemanasan global dan perubahan iklim dipelajari di kelas sains. Ruang lingkup STM lebih luas dari sekedar komponen sains dari hal tersebut, namun ke segala hal detil yang mempengaruhi kelangsungan hidup umat manusia secara keseluruhan. Pada pola ini pemahaman sains harus benar-benar dipahami dan ini melibatkan pengajaran sains pada tahapan yang lebih tinggi. Sehingga hal ini akan memberikan tantangan yang berarti bagi guru sains di kelas untuk menyesuaikan diri terhadap pembahasan permasalahan yang diulas dengan taraf pengetahuan siswa. Pembahasan berbagai permasalahan STM akan membawa kepada pemahaman hal apa yang perlu dilakukan untuk menangani atau mencegah hal tersebut terjadi serta faktor apa saja yang terlibat atau tidak terhadap masalah tersebut membawa berbagai pengetahuan dan kepercayaan di luar pengajaran sains, dan hal nilah yang harusnya diintregrasikan dalam pengetahuan ilmiah. &lt;st1:place&gt;Para&lt;/st1:place&gt; siswa diharapkan untuk dapat mulai melihat bahwa walaupun pengetahuan ilmiah berada di belakang permasalahan tersebut namun hal itu tidaklah cukup, diharapkan siswa melakukan tindakan bijak sebagai anggota masyarakat dalam memelihara kelestarian alam. Sehingga siswa belajar menyadari beberapa hal keterbatasan dalam sains yang merupakan bekal berarti bagi kehidupannya.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;b&gt;Pendekatan Lainnya&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%;"&gt;Pendekatan sikap dan nilai ilmiah dapat dibedakan dapat dilakukan dalam dua penekanan yang berbeda. Yang pertama melibatkan usaha untuk mengembangkan berbagai sikap tersebut yang dilihat sebagai sifat-sifat ilmuwan yang bila dikembangkan akan membantu siswa menyelesaikan persoalan sejenis seperti halnya ilmuwan menyelesaikannya. Beberapa sikap tersebut diantaranya adalah :&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;ul type="disc"&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style=""&gt;mengetahui butuhnya bukti      sebelum membuat klaim pengetahuan&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style=""&gt;mengetahui butuhnya      berhati-hati ketika melakukan interpretasi pada hasil percobaan/pengamatan      &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style=""&gt;kemauan untuk      mempertimbangkan interpretasi lain yang juga masuk akal&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style=""&gt;kemauan untuk melakukan      aktivitas percobaan secara hati-hati&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style=""&gt;kemauan untuk mengecek bukti      dan interpretasinya&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style=""&gt;mengakui keterbatasan      penyelidikan secara ilmiah&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%;"&gt;Penekanan yang kedua adalah mengembangkan sikap-sikap khusus terhadap alam sekitar, mata pelajaran selain sains ataupun dasar untuk karir masa depan seperti halnya sikap terhadap sains. Berbagai sikap tersebut seperti:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;ul type="disc"&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style=""&gt;rasa ingin tahu tentang alam      fisik dan biologis dan bagaimana hal itu bekerja &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style=""&gt;kesadaran bahwa sains dapat      menyumbangkan hal untuk mengatasi masalah individu ataupun global&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style=""&gt;suatu antusiasme terhadap      pengetahuan ilmiah dan metodanya&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style=""&gt;suatu pengakuan bahwa sains      adalah aktivitas manusia bukan sesuatu yang mekanis&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style=""&gt;suatu pengakuan pentingnya      pemahaman ilmiah dalam dunia yang modern&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style=""&gt;suatu kenyataan bahwa      pengetahuan ilmiah bisa digunakan untuk maksud baik maupun jahat&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style=""&gt;suatu pemahaman hubungan      antara sains dan bentuk aktivitas manusia lainnya&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style=""&gt;suatu pengakuan bahwa      pengetahuan dan pemahaman sains berbeda dengan yang dilakukan sehari-hari&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%;"&gt;Berbagai sikap di atas secara jelas berhubungan dengan sains, dan akan berpotensi terus berkembang khususnya ketika siswa terlibat dalam pelajaran sains di sekolah. Namun, terdapat juga sikap-sikap positif lainnya yang mana seorang guru sains dapat juga meneguhkan dan memperkuatnya seperti rasa tanggung jawab, kesediaan untuk bekerja sama, toleransi, rasa percaya diri, menghargai orang lain, kebebasan, dapat dipercaya dan kejujuran intelektual.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%;"&gt;Pengembangan sikap-sikap ini biasanya merupakan konsekwensi tidak langsung dari seluruh pengalaman di sekolah maupun di dunia luar. Tidak seorang guru pun atau sekumpulan kegiatan yang akan bertanggung jawab terhadap sikap siswa terhadap sains. Penelitian dalam pendidikan misalnya, menunjukkan betapa kuatnya pengaruh &lt;em&gt;hidden curriculum&lt;/em&gt; dibanding isi materi kurikulum terhadap cara pandang siswa terhadap dirinya, guru, sekolah maupun proses pendidikan. Namun, walaupun perubahan sikap adalah hal yang lambat dibanding pertambahan pengetahuan dan pengurukannya juga sulit dilakukan, hal ni tidak menjadikan bahwa hal itu tidak perlu dilakukan.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%;"&gt;Pendekatan sifat alamiah dari sains adalah pendekatan yang membawa berbagai implikasi yang terkesan rumit baik bagi siswa maupun guru. Siswa yang belajar di kelas yang paling tidak mendapat tiga mata pelajaran sains (biologi, fisika dan kimia) akan berhadapan dengan beragam guru sains yang juga beragam sikap dan pandangannya tentang sains. Hal ini berpotensi untuk menimbulkan kebingungan siswa, sudut pandang guru yang mana yang memang lebih tepat? Cara yang lebih baik adalah dengan mengakui adanya keberagaman pandangan tentang sains dan kesulitannya mencari suatu konsensus, untuk kemudian mendiskusikan kekuatan dan kelemahan berbagai pandangan tersebut. Salah satu cara yang telah diterapkan adalah dengan pendekatan sejarah dan filsafat sains (&lt;em&gt;History and Philosophy of Science&lt;/em&gt;) yaitu dimana siswa terlibat dalam mempelajari dan menganalisa sebab-sebab historis dimana prestasi sains berlangsung &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%;"&gt;Satu hal yang akan menjadi sulit pada pendekatan ini adalah ketidaksetujuan diantara para ilmuwan. Berbagai penemuan baru dan aplikasinya akan diperdebatkan antara ilmuwan, misalnya tentang system klasifikasi mahluk hidup, usulan bagi suatu tindakan terhadap berbagai masalah medis atau lingkungan yang bisa melibatkan kepentingan seluruh umat manusia di bumi. Pandangan sains secara tradisional sedikit menempatkan pertentangan ini lebih-lebih untuk siswa sekolah, namun pandangan lebih modern hal ini menjadi sesuatu yang tak terpisahkan. Sehingga hal-hal yang diperdebatkan baik hal tersebut masalah ilmiah atau system nilai adalah hal yang berguna untuk didiskusikan. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"&gt;Berbagai focus tersebut menggambarkan pentingnya sisi manusiawi dari sains. Biasanya siswa melihat sains sebagai suatu yang mekanis: para ilmuwan mengikuti sejumlah metoda untuk mendapatkan hasil yang diinginkan. Profil ilmuwan pun biasa digambarkan sebagai orang (biasanya laki-laki) yang berjas putih, serius dan melakukan tugas yang menjemukan. Kenyataannya, hal ini bisa menjadikan banyak siswa justru menghindari pelajaran sains atau menghindari profesi masa depan karir sebagai ilmuwan. Studi kasus sejarah juga dapat digunakan berbagai hal yang berkaitan. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%;"&gt;Pendekatan kecakapan individu dan sosial adalah mengembangkan potensi siswa yang juga penting. Sains bukanlah berada dalam suatu posisi yang unik yang memberikan sumbangan terhadap perkembangan kecapakan ini, namun banyak pihak berpendapat bahwa semua guru harus mengembangkan kemampuan individu siswa seperti ketekunan, maupun kecakapan sosial seperti kerja sama. Jika anda sebagai guru mempercayainya, maka hal tersebut akan terlihat dari metoda mengajar yang anda dipraktekkan.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%;"&gt;Sumber:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%;"&gt;Dari berbagai sumber yang dipercaya&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Tambahan bacaan dan sumber lainnya:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%;"&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;ul type="disc"&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style=""&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_education#Historical_background"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: none;"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;      &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Historical background&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style=""&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_education#Pedagogy"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: none;"&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;      &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Pedagogy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style=""&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_education#United_States"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: none;"&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;      &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;United States&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;ul type="circle"&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style=""&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_education#Physics_education"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: none;"&gt;3.1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;       &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Physics education&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style=""&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_education#Informal_science_education"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: none;"&gt;3.2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;       &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Informal science education&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style=""&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_education#United_Kingdom"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: none;"&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;      &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;United Kingdom&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style=""&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_education#References"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: none;"&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;      &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;References&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style=""&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_education#See_also"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: none;"&gt;6&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;      &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;See also&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style=""&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_education#External_links"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: none;"&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;      &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;External links&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;  &lt;ol start="1" type="1"&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style=""&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_education#cite_ref-0" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;      Bibby, Cyril 1959. &lt;i&gt;T.H. Huxley: scientist, humanist and educator&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;st1:place&gt;Watts&lt;/st1:place&gt;,      &lt;st1:city&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;London&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:city&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style="" id="cite_note-1"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_education#cite_ref-1" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;      www.nd.edu/rbarger/www7/neacom10.html&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style="" id="cite_note-2"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_education#cite_ref-2" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;      National Science Foundation funding for informal science education &lt;a href="http://www.nsf.gov/funding/pgm_summ.jsp?pims_id=5361" title="http://www.nsf.gov/funding/pgm_summ.jsp?pims_id=5361" rel="nofollow"&gt;http://www.nsf.gov/funding/pgm_summ.jsp?pims_id=5361&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style="" id="cite_note-bbc-3"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_education#cite_ref-bbc_3-0" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Kim Catcheside (2008). &lt;a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/7245529.stm" title="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/7245529.stm" rel="nofollow"&gt;'Poor      lacking' choice of sciences&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;i&gt;BBC News website&lt;/i&gt;. British      Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008" title="2008"&gt;2008&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_22" title="February 22"&gt;02-22&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style="" id="cite_note-4"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_education#cite_ref-4" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;      &lt;a href="http://www.21stcenturyscience.org/" title="http://www.21stcenturyscience.org/" rel="nofollow"&gt;Welcome to Twenty      First Century Science&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;  &lt;ul type="disc"&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style=""&gt;&lt;st1:city&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;Layton&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:city&gt;,      D. (1981). The schooling of science in &lt;st1:country-region&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;England&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;,      1854-1939. In R. MacLeod &amp;amp; P.Collins (Eds.), &lt;i&gt;The parliament of      science&lt;/i&gt; (pp.188-210). &lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;st1:city&gt;Northwood&lt;/st1:city&gt;, &lt;st1:country-region&gt;England&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;:      Science Reviews.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style=""&gt;Del Giorno, B.J. (1969). The      impact of chaning scientific knowledge on science education in th &lt;st1:country-region&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;United        States&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt; since 1850. &lt;i&gt;Science Education&lt;/i&gt;,      53, 191-195.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style=""&gt;Hurd, P.D. (1991). Closing      the educational gaps between science, technology, and society. &lt;i&gt;Theory      into Practice&lt;/i&gt;, 30, 251-259.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style=""&gt;Jenkins, E. (1985). History      of science education. In T. Husen &amp;amp; T.N. Postlethwaite (Eds.) &lt;i&gt;International      encyclopedia of education&lt;/i&gt; (pp. 4453-4456). &lt;st1:city&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;Oxford&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:city&gt;:      Pergamon Press.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style=""&gt;Aikenhead, G.S. (1994). What      is STS teaching? In J. Solomon &amp;amp; G. Aikenhead (Eds.), &lt;i&gt;STS      education: International perspectives on reform&lt;/i&gt; (pp.74-59). &lt;st1:state&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;New        York&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:state&gt;: Teachers College Press.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style=""&gt;&lt;a href="http://insight.eun.org/en/data/pdf/sciencetechnologyeducation.pdf" title="http://insight.eun.org/en/data/pdf/sciencetechnologyeducation.pdf" rel="nofollow"&gt;Dumitru, P. &amp;amp; Joyce, A. (2007) Public-private      partnerships for maths, science and technology education. Proceedings of      Discovery Days conference.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style=""&gt;&lt;a href="http://cms2.eun.org/shared/data/pdf/science_brief_2007.pdf" title="http://cms2.eun.org/shared/data/pdf/science_brief_2007.pdf" rel="nofollow"&gt;European Schoolnet (2007) National and European Initiatives      to promote science education in Europe. Insight portal.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;  &lt;h2&gt;&lt;a name="See_also" id="See_also"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;See also&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;  &lt;ul type="disc"&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style=""&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controversial_science" title="Controversial science"&gt;Controversial science&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style=""&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education" title="Education"&gt;Education&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style=""&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_research" title="Educational research"&gt;Educational research&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style=""&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_groups_and_resources_serving_K-12_schools" title="Environmental groups and resources serving K-12 schools"&gt;Environmental      groups and resources serving K-12 schools&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style=""&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology"&gt;Epistemology&lt;/a&gt;      (the study of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge"&gt;knowledge&lt;/a&gt; and how we know things)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style=""&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graduate_school" title="Graduate school"&gt;Graduate      school&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style=""&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inquiry-based_Science" title="Inquiry-based Science"&gt;Inquiry-based Science&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style=""&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Education_Standards" title="National Science Education Standards"&gt;National Science Education      Standards&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style=""&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedagogy" title="Pedagogy"&gt;Pedagogy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.doscience.co.uk/" title="http://www.doscience.co.uk" rel="nofollow"&gt;[11]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style=""&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_science_technicians" title="School science technicians"&gt;School science technicians&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style=""&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science" title="Science"&gt;Science&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; 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   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Semoga Bermanfaat dan Terima Kasih&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/217481588150991647-278831552189549621?l=timolimpiadekotabanjar.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://timolimpiadekotabanjar.blogspot.com/feeds/278831552189549621/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=217481588150991647&amp;postID=278831552189549621' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/217481588150991647/posts/default/278831552189549621'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/217481588150991647/posts/default/278831552189549621'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://timolimpiadekotabanjar.blogspot.com/2008/09/selamat-datang-dunia.html' title='Materi Pelajaran Sains di Sekolah'/><author><name>TOKOBA</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/15169116013076235860</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_9LwNY6hDx6w/SNNkx8Vvk6I/AAAAAAAAAEA/d4bwtcoMSLU/s72-c/arip+nurahman+logo+sman+1+banjar.JPG' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-217481588150991647.post-2056504267127183099</id><published>2009-07-10T17:28:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-07-10T17:29:15.659-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Mathematics'/><title type='text'>Olimpiade Matematika International (International Mathematical Olyimpiad)</title><content type='html'>&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div face="georgia" id="langForm" style="text-align: center; "&gt;&lt;div id="h1"&gt;&lt;h1&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.imo-official.org/default.aspx"&gt;International Mathematical Olympiad&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id="sub"&gt;&lt;span class="previous"&gt;&lt;a id="ctl00_HyperLinkPreviousIMO" href="http://www.imo-2008.es/"&gt;IMO 2008&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="img"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.imo-official.org/default.aspx"&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.imo-official.org/App_Themes/imosmall.gif" alt="IMO" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="next"&gt;&lt;a id="ctl00_HyperLinkNextIMO" href="http://www.imo2009.de/"&gt;IMO 2009&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;a id="ctl00_HyperLink_Organizers" href="http://www.imo-official.org/organizers.aspx"&gt;Timeline&lt;/a&gt; • &lt;a id="ctl00_HyperLink_Countries" href="http://www.imo-official.org/countries.aspx"&gt;Countries&lt;/a&gt; • &lt;a id="ctl00_HyperLink_Results" href="http://www.imo-official.org/results.aspx"&gt;Results&lt;/a&gt; • &lt;a id="ctl00_HyperLink_Search" href="http://www.imo-official.org/search.aspx"&gt;Search&lt;/a&gt; • &lt;a id="ctl00_HyperLink_Problems" href="http://www.imo-official.org/problems.aspx"&gt;Problems&lt;/a&gt; • &lt;a id="ctl00_HyperLink_Hall" href="http://www.imo-official.org/hall.aspx"&gt;Hall of fame&lt;/a&gt; • &lt;a id="ctl00_HyperLink_General" href="http://www.imo-official.org/general.aspx"&gt;General information&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 29px; "&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 29px; "&gt;Language&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.imo-official.org/?language=de" title="Deutsch" onclick="this.submit();"&gt;de&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://www.imo-official.org/?language=en" class="highlight" title="English"&gt;en&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://www.imo-official.org/?language=es" title="Español" onclick="this.submit();"&gt;es&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://www.imo-official.org/?language=fr" title="Français" onclick="this.submit();"&gt;fr&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://www.imo-official.org/?language=ru" title="Русский" onclick="this.submit();"&gt;ru&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center; "&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id="main" style="text-align: center; "&gt;&lt;object type="application/x-shockwave-flash" data="http://www.blogger.com/flash/logo.swf" width="400" height="300" style="display: inline-block; background-image: url(http://www.blogger.com/img/video_object.png); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: black; background-position: 50% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "&gt;&lt;/object&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div id="ctl00_CPH_Main_PanelMessage" class="intro" style="background-color: rgb(255, 204, 204); "&gt;Official results from the last IMO have been published. For more details see &lt;a id="ctl00_CPH_Main_HyperLinkDetail" href="http://www.imo-official.org/year_individual_r.aspx?year=2008"&gt;Individual results&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="intro"&gt;The International Mathematical Olympiad (IMO) is the World Championship Mathematics Competition for High School students and is held annually in a different country. The first IMO was held in 1959 in Romania, with 7 countries participating. It has gradually expanded to over 90 countries from 5 continents. The IMO Advisory Board ensures that the competition takes place each year and that each host country observes the regulations and traditions of the IMO.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center; "&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id="footer"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center; "&gt;&lt;b&gt;E-mail:&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="mailto:john.webb@uct.ac.za"&gt;John Webb&lt;/a&gt; (Secretary of the IMO Advisory Board) • &lt;b&gt;Webmaster:&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="mailto:webmaster@imo-official.org"&gt;webmaster@imo-official.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h1 class="firstHeading"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;h1 class="firstHeading"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;h1 class="firstHeading"&gt;International Mathematical Olympiad&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;div class="thumb tright"&gt;&lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px; "&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Imologo.png" class="image" title="The logo of the International Mathematical Olympiad."&gt;&lt;img alt="The logo of the International Mathematical Olympiad." src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0d/Imologo.png/180px-Imologo.png" class="thumbimage" width="180" border="0" height="124" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt;&lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Imologo.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;The logo of the International Mathematical Olympiad.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; "&gt;The &lt;b&gt;International Mathematical Olympiad&lt;/b&gt; (&lt;b&gt;IMO&lt;/b&gt;) is an annual six-problem, 42-point&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_olympiad" title="Mathematical olympiad" class="mw-redirect"&gt;mathematical olympiad&lt;/a&gt; for pre-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College" title="College"&gt;collegiate&lt;/a&gt; students and is the oldest of the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_science_olympiad" title="International science olympiad" class="mw-redirect"&gt;international science olympiads&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Mathematical_Olympiad#cite_note-0" title=""&gt;[1]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; The first IMO was held in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania" title="Romania"&gt;Romania&lt;/a&gt; in 1959. It has since been held annually, except in 1980. About 90 countries send teams of up to six students,&lt;sup id="cite_ref-more_1-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Mathematical_Olympiad#cite_note-more-1" title=""&gt;[2]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; plus one team leader, one deputy leader, and observers.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Mathematical_Olympiad#cite_note-2" title=""&gt;[3]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; "&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; "&gt;The content ranges from extremely difficult precalculus problems to problems on branches of mathematics not conventionally covered at school and often not at university level either, such as projective and complex geometry, functional equations and well-grounded number theory, of which extensive knowledge of theorems is required. Calculus, though allowed in solutions, is never required, as there is a principle at play that anyone with a basic understanding of mathematics should understand the problems, even if the solutions require a great deal more knowledge. Supporters of this principle claim that this allows more universality and creates an incentive to find elegant, deceptively simple-looking problems which nevertheless require a certain level of ingenuity.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; "&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; "&gt;The selection process differs by country, but it often consists of a series of tests which admit fewer students at each progressing test. Awards are given to a top percentage of the individual contestants. Teams are not officially recognized—all scores are given only to individual contestants, but team scoring is unofficially compared more so than individual scores.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Mathematical_Olympiad#cite_note-3" title=""&gt;[4]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;Contestants must be under the age of 20 and must not be registered at any tertiary institution. Subject to these conditions, an individual may participate any number of times in the IMO.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-otago_4-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Mathematical_Olympiad#cite_note-otago-4" title=""&gt;[5]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div id="toctitle"&gt;&lt;h2&gt;Contents&lt;span class="toctoggle"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Mathematical_Olympiad#History"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;History&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Mathematical_Olympiad#Scoring_and_format"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;2&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Scoring and format&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Mathematical_Olympiad#Selection_process"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;3&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Selection process&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Mathematical_Olympiad#Awards"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;4&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Awards&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Mathematical_Olympiad#Current_and_future_IMOs"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;5&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Current and future IMOs&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Mathematical_Olympiad#Notable_achievements"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;6&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Notable achievements&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Mathematical_Olympiad#See_also"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;7&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;See also&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Mathematical_Olympiad#Notes"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;8&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Notes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Mathematical_Olympiad#References"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;9&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;References&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Mathematical_Olympiad#External_links"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;10&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;External links&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/217481588150991647-2056504267127183099?l=timolimpiadekotabanjar.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://timolimpiadekotabanjar.blogspot.com/feeds/2056504267127183099/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=217481588150991647&amp;postID=2056504267127183099' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/217481588150991647/posts/default/2056504267127183099'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/217481588150991647/posts/default/2056504267127183099'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://timolimpiadekotabanjar.blogspot.com/2009/07/olimpiade-matematika-international.html' title='Olimpiade Matematika International (International Mathematical Olyimpiad)'/><author><name>TOKOBA</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/15169116013076235860</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-217481588150991647.post-6448971421054799447</id><published>2009-06-19T00:19:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-07-17T17:30:37.943-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Mathematics'/><title type='text'>Principles of Applied Mathematics</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" &gt;From MIT Open Course Ware&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" &gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; " &gt;&lt;div class="mainContentTopArea" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; width: auto; height: auto; "&gt;&lt;div class="mainContentTopLeftArea" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 12px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; width: 328px; float: left; "&gt;&lt;span id="chp_image_area" title="" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; "&gt;&lt;a id="chp_image_hyperLink" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; "&gt;&lt;img id="chp_image" border="0" alt="Colorful, intricate figure." src="http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/mathematics/18-310c-principles-of-applied-mathematics-fall-2007/chp_mathconstn.jpg" title="Colorful, intricate figure." style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; " /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div id="Htmlplaceholdercontrol1" class="image-caption" style="margin-top: 0.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 8px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); "&gt;&lt;div class="" id="parent-fieldname-image_caption_text" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; "&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); "&gt;Visualization of a mathematical algorithm. (Image courtesy of the &lt;a href="http://www.ornl.gov/" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; text-decoration: underline; color: rgb(104, 10, 18); "&gt;Oak Ridge National Laboratory&lt;/a&gt;.)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="mainContentTopRightArea" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; width: 187px; float: right; "&gt;&lt;div class="dottedLine" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; background-image: url(http://ocw.mit.edu/images/horizontal_dots_red.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; background-position: 0% 100%; background-repeat: repeat no-repeat; "&gt;&lt;h3 style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; "&gt;Level:&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div class="chpcourselevel" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 3px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; "&gt;&lt;span id="lblLevel" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; "&gt;Undergraduate&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h3 style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; "&gt;Instructors:&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div class="chpstaff" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; "&gt;&lt;div id="Htmlplaceholder2" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; "&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 4px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; "&gt;Prof. Peter Shor&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 4px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; "&gt;Daniel Kleitman&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="chpCourseDetailLinks" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; text-decoration: none; "&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; "&gt;&lt;a class="class1" href="http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/mathematics/18-310c-principles-of-applied-mathematics-fall-2007/#features" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(171, 67, 71); "&gt;Course Features&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; "&gt;&lt;a class="class1" href="http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/mathematics/18-310c-principles-of-applied-mathematics-fall-2007/#description" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(171, 67, 71); "&gt;Course Description&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="mainContentBottomArea" style="margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; width: auto; height: auto; clear: both; "&gt;&lt;h4 style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; "&gt;&lt;a id="features" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; "&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Course Features&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;ul class="specialfeatures" style="margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; list-style-type: none; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; width: 550px; "&gt;&lt;li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 25px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 7px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; background-image: url(http://ocw.mit.edu/images/black-arrow.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; float: left; width: 220px; display: block; background-position: 0px 5px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "&gt;&lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/mathematics/18-310c-principles-of-applied-mathematics-fall-2007/lecture-notes" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(104, 10, 18); "&gt;Lecture notes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 25px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 7px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; background-image: url(http://ocw.mit.edu/images/black-arrow.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; float: left; width: 220px; display: block; background-position: 0px 5px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "&gt;&lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/mathematics/18-310c-principles-of-applied-mathematics-fall-2007/assignments" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(104, 10, 18); "&gt;Assignments (no solutions)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 25px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 7px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; background-image: url(http://ocw.mit.edu/images/black-arrow.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; float: left; width: 220px; display: block; background-position: 0px 5px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "&gt;&lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/mathematics/18-310c-principles-of-applied-mathematics-fall-2007/exams" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(104, 10, 18); "&gt;Exams (no solutions)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;h4 style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; "&gt;&lt;a id="description" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; "&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Course Description&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;div id="Description" class="coursedescription" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 5px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; "&gt;&lt;div class="" id="parent-fieldname-description" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; "&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; "&gt;Principles of Applied Mathematics is a study of illustrative topics in discrete applied mathematics including sorting algorithms, information theory, coding theory, secret codes, generating functions, linear programming, game theory. There is an emphasis on topics that have direct application in the real world.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; "&gt;This course was recently revised to meet the &lt;a href="http://web.mit.edu/commreq/background.html" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; text-decoration: underline; color: rgb(104, 10, 18); "&gt;MIT Undergraduate Communication Requirement (CR)&lt;/a&gt;. It covers the same content as 18.310, but assignments are structured with an additional focus on writing.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/217481588150991647-6448971421054799447?l=timolimpiadekotabanjar.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://timolimpiadekotabanjar.blogspot.com/feeds/6448971421054799447/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=217481588150991647&amp;postID=6448971421054799447' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/217481588150991647/posts/default/6448971421054799447'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/217481588150991647/posts/default/6448971421054799447'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://timolimpiadekotabanjar.blogspot.com/2008/09/b_19.html' title='Principles of Applied Mathematics'/><author><name>TOKOBA</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/15169116013076235860</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-217481588150991647.post-7651028979908303104</id><published>2009-05-19T00:19:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-07-10T17:36:24.278-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Mathematics'/><title type='text'>Mathematics from OPENCOURSEWARE @ MIT</title><content type='html'>&lt;h1 style="text-align: center;"&gt;Mathematics from MIT &lt;/h1&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;Disusun Ulang Oleh:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;Arip Nurahman&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;(Indonesia University of Education &amp;amp; MIT Open Course Ware, Cambridge MA. U.S.A.)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_9LwNY6hDx6w/SO9pI0aqwSI/AAAAAAAAAF4/ENwGUjFvz7A/s1600-h/arip+nurahman.JPG" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_9LwNY6hDx6w/SO9pI0aqwSI/AAAAAAAAAF4/ENwGUjFvz7A/s200/arip+nurahman.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5255534890395025698" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;       &lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/web/donate/donate/index.htm"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;         &lt;div id="dept_content"&gt;   &lt;div class="photo" style="width: 400px;"&gt;&lt;img alt="A vertical jet is deflected into a horizontal sheet by a horizontal impactor." src="http://ocw.mit.edu/NR/rdonlyres/51C1DB68-0A22-4D1E-B9FA-172F9D0BC556/0/math.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;" class="caption"&gt;Surprising geometry emerges in the study of fluid jets. In this image, a vertical jet is deflected into a horizontal sheet by a horizontal impactor. At the sheet's edge, fluid flows outward along bounding rims that collide to create fluid chains. (Photo courtesty A.E. Hasha and J.W.M. Bush.)&lt;/div&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;    &lt;p style="text-align: justify;" class="quote"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;" class="quote"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;" class="quote"&gt;An undergraduate degree in mathematics provides an excellent basis for graduate work in mathematics or computer science, or for employment in such mathematics-related fields as systems analysis, operations research, or actuarial science.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;    &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Because the career objectives of undergraduate mathematics majors are so diverse, each undergraduate's program is individually arranged through collaboration between the student and his or her faculty advisor. In general, students are encouraged to explore the various branches of mathematics, both pure and applied.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;    &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Undergraduates seriously interested in mathematics are encouraged to elect an upper-level mathematics seminar. This is normally done during the junior year or the first semester of the senior year. The experience gained from active participation in a seminar conducted by a research mathematician is particularly valuable for a student planning to pursue graduate work.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;    &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;There are three undergraduate programs that lead to the degree Bachelor's of Science in Mathematics: a General Mathematics Option, an Applied Mathematics Option for those who wish to specialize in that aspect of mathematics, and a Theoretical Mathematics Option for those who expect to pursue graduate work in pure mathematics. A fourth undergraduate program leads to the degree Bachelor's of Science in Mathematics with Computer Science; it is intended for students seriously interested in theoretical computer science.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;    &lt;/div&gt;&lt;h3 style="text-align: justify;" class="smallsub"&gt;Department of Mathematics links&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;    &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Visit the MIT Department of Mathematics home page at:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a class="bullet" href="http://www-math.mit.edu/"&gt;http://www-math.mit.edu/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;    &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Review the MIT Department of Mathematics curriculum at:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a class="bullet" href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/web/resources/curriculum/index.htm#18"&gt;http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/web/resources/curriculum/index.htm#18&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;    &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;In addition to courses, supplementary mathematics resources are also available. Various MIT faculty are openly sharing these resources as a service to MIT OCW users. The resources include calculus textbooks by Professors Gilbert Strang and Daniel Kleitman.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a class="bullet" href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/web/resources/supplemental/index.htm"&gt;http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/web/resources/supplemental/index.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;/div&gt;                  &lt;div id="dept_links"&gt;          &lt;h1&gt;Available Courses&lt;/h1&gt;          &lt;p&gt;&lt;a class="rss_ico" href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/rss/new/mit-newcourses-18.xml"&gt;Notify me of course updates&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a class="bullet" href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/web/about/rss/index.htm"&gt;Other RSS Feeds&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;          &lt;/div&gt;         &lt;ul class="grad"&gt;&lt;li&gt;           &lt;a class="bullet" href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Mathematics/#undergrad"&gt;Undergraduate&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;           &lt;a class="bullet" href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Mathematics/#grad"&gt;Graduate&lt;/a&gt;          &lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;                 &lt;br /&gt;       &lt;div class="dept_courses"&gt;                    &lt;div class="table_head"&gt;           &lt;h2&gt;&lt;a name="undergrad"&gt;Undergraduate Courses&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;          &lt;/div&gt;          &lt;!-- end table_head --&gt;  &lt;div class="course_detail"&gt;&lt;table class="course_table" id="DepCourseListNew1_CoursesGrid" width="500" border="0" cellspacing="0"&gt;   &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;    &lt;th class="new" scope="col"&gt;&lt;p class="reader"&gt;Updated within the past 180 days&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th class="course-num" scope="col"&gt;MIT Course #&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th class="title" scope="col"&gt;Course Title&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th class="term" scope="col"&gt;Term&lt;/th&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="row"&gt;    &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;18.01&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Mathematics/18-01Fall-2006/CourseHome/index.htm"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Single Variable Calculus&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Fall 2006&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="alt-row"&gt;    &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;18.01&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Mathematics/18-01Fall-2005/CourseHome/index.htm"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Single Variable Calculus&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Fall 2005&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="row"&gt;    &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;18.013A&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Mathematics/18-013ASpring-2005/CourseHome/index.htm"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Calculus with Applications&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Spring 2005&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="alt-row"&gt;    &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;18.014&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Mathematics/18-014Calculus-with-Theory-IFall2002/CourseHome/index.htm"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Calculus with Theory I&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Fall 2002&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="row"&gt;    &lt;td&gt;&lt;div class="new-ico"&gt;&lt;img src="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/images/trans.gif" alt="NEW" title="NEW" width="25" height="10" /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;18.02&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Mathematics/18-02Fall-2007/CourseHome/index.htm"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Multivariable Calculus&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Fall 2007&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="alt-row"&gt;    &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;18.02&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Mathematics/18-02Spring-2006/CourseHome/index.htm"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Multivariable Calculus&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Spring 2006&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="row"&gt;    &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;18.022&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Mathematics/18-022Fall-2005/CourseHome/index.htm"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Calculus&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Fall 2005&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="alt-row"&gt;    &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;18.024&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Mathematics/18-024Calculus-with-Theory-IISpring2003/CourseHome/index.htm"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Calculus with Theory II&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Spring 2003&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="row"&gt;    &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;18.03&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Mathematics/18-03Spring-2006/CourseHome/index.htm"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Differential Equations&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Spring 2006&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="alt-row"&gt;    &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;18.034&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Mathematics/18-034Spring2004/CourseHome/index.htm"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Honors Differential Equations&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Spring 2004&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="row"&gt;    &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;18.034&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Mathematics/18-034Spring-2007/CourseHome/index.htm"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Honors Differential Equations&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Spring 2007&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="alt-row"&gt;    &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;18.04&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Mathematics/18-04Fall-2003/CourseHome/index.htm"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Complex Variables with Applications&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Fall 2003&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="row"&gt;    &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;18.04&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Mathematics/18-04Complex-Variables-with-ApplicationsFall1999/CourseHome/index.htm"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Complex Variables with Applications&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Fall 1999&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="alt-row"&gt;    &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;18.05&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Mathematics/18-05Spring-2005/CourseHome/index.htm"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Introduction to Probability and Statistics&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Spring 2005&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="row"&gt;    &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;18.06&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Mathematics/18-06Spring-2005/CourseHome/index.htm"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Linear Algebra&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Spring 2005&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="alt-row"&gt;    &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;18.062J&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Electrical-Engineering-and-Computer-Science/6-042JFall-2005/CourseHome/index.htm"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Mathematics for Computer Science&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Fall 2005&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="row"&gt;    &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;18.062J&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Electrical-Engineering-and-Computer-Science/6-042JSpring-2005/CourseHome/index.htm"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Mathematics for Computer Science&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Spring 2005&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="alt-row"&gt;    &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;18.062J&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Electrical-Engineering-and-Computer-Science/6-042JMathematics-for-Computer-ScienceFall2002/CourseHome/index.htm"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Mathematics for Computer Science (SMA 5512)&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Fall 2002&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="row"&gt;    &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;18.06CI&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Mathematics/18-06CISpring2004/CourseHome/index.htm"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Linear Algebra - Communications Intensive&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Spring 2004&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="alt-row"&gt;    &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;18.091&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Mathematics/18-091Spring-2005/CourseHome/index.htm"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Mathematical Exposition&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Spring 2005&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="row"&gt;    &lt;td&gt;&lt;div class="new-ico"&gt;&lt;img src="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/images/trans.gif" alt="NEW" title="NEW" width="25" height="10" /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;18.098&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Mathematics/18-098January--IAP--2008/CourseHome/index.htm"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Street-Fighting Mathematics&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;January (IAP) 2008&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="alt-row"&gt;    &lt;td&gt;&lt;div class="new-ico"&gt;&lt;img src="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/images/trans.gif" alt="NEW" title="NEW" width="25" height="10" /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;18.100A&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Mathematics/18-100AFall-2007/CourseHome/index.htm"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Analysis I&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Fall 2007&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="row"&gt;    &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;18.100B&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Mathematics/18-100BFall-2006/CourseHome/index.htm"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Analysis I&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Fall 2006&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="alt-row"&gt;    &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;18.100C&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Mathematics/18-100CSpring-2006/CourseHome/index.htm"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Analysis I&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Spring 2006&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="row"&gt;    &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;18.101&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Mathematics/18-101Fall-2005/CourseHome/index.htm"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Analysis II&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Fall 2005&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="alt-row"&gt;    &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;18.103&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Mathematics/18-103Spring2004/CourseHome/index.htm"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Fourier Analysis - Theory and Applications&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Spring 2004&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="row"&gt;    &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;18.104&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Mathematics/18-104Fall-2006/CourseHome/index.htm"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Seminar in Analysis: Applications to Number Theory&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Fall 2006&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="alt-row"&gt;    &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;18.112&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Mathematics/18-112Fall-2006/CourseHome/index.htm"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Functions of a Complex Variable&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Fall 2006&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="row"&gt;    &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;18.152&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Mathematics/18-152Fall-2005/CourseHome/index.htm"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Introduction to Partial Differential Equations&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Fall 2005&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="alt-row"&gt;    &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;18.152&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Mathematics/18-152Fall-2004/CourseHome/index.htm"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Introduction to Partial Differential Equations&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Fall 2004&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="row"&gt;    &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;18.238&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Mathematics/18-238Fall2002/CourseHome/index.htm"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Geometry and Quantum Field Theory&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Fall 2002&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="alt-row"&gt;    &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;18.303&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Mathematics/18-303Fall-2006/CourseHome/index.htm"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Linear Partial Differential Equations&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Fall 2006&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="row"&gt;    &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;18.304&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Mathematics/18-304Spring-2006/CourseHome/index.htm"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Undergraduate Seminar in Discrete Mathematics&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Spring 2006&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="alt-row"&gt;    &lt;td&gt;&lt;div class="new-ico"&gt;&lt;img src="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/images/trans.gif" alt="NEW" title="NEW" width="25" height="10" /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;18.310C&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Mathematics/18-310CFall-2007/CourseHome/index.htm"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Principles of Applied Mathematics&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Fall 2007&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="row"&gt;    &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;18.311&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Mathematics/18-311Spring-2006/CourseHome/index.htm"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Principles of Applied Mathematics&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Spring 2006&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="alt-row"&gt;    &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;18.312&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Mathematics/18-312Spring-2005/CourseHome/index.htm"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Algebraic Combinatorics&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Spring 2005&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="row"&gt;    &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;18.314&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Mathematics/18-314Fall-2005/CourseHome/index.htm"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Combinatorial Analysis&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Fall 2005&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="alt-row"&gt;    &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;18.330&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Mathematics/18-330Spring-2004/CourseHome/index.htm"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Introduction to Numerical Analysis&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Spring 2004&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="row"&gt;    &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;18.337J&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Mathematics/18-337JSpring-2005/CourseHome/index.htm"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Applied Parallel Computing (SMA 5505)&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Spring 2005&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="alt-row"&gt;    &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;18.353J&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Earth--Atmospheric--and-Planetary-Sciences/12-006JFall-2006/CourseHome/index.htm"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Nonlinear Dynamics I: Chaos&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Fall 2006&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="row"&gt;    &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;18.361J&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Nuclear-Engineering/22-00JSpring-2006/CourseHome/index.htm"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Introduction to Modeling and Simulation&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Spring 2006&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="alt-row"&gt;    &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;18.400J&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Electrical-Engineering-and-Computer-Science/6-045JSpring-2005/CourseHome/index.htm"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Automata, Computability, and Complexity&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Spring 2005&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="row"&gt;    &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;18.410J&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Electrical-Engineering-and-Computer-Science/6-046JFall-2005/CourseHome/index.htm"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Introduction to Algorithms (SMA 5503)&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Fall 2005&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="alt-row"&gt;    &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;18.413&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Mathematics/18-413Spring2004/CourseHome/index.htm"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Error-Correcting Codes Laboratory&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Spring 2004&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="row"&gt;    &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;18.433&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Mathematics/18-433Fall2003/CourseHome/index.htm"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Combinatorial Optimization&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Fall 2003&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="alt-row"&gt;    &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;18.440&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Mathematics/18-440Fall-2005/CourseHome/index.htm"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Probability and Random Variables&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Fall 2005&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="row"&gt;    &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;18.443&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Mathematics/18-443Fall-2006/CourseHome/index.htm"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Statistics for Applications&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Fall 2006&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="alt-row"&gt;    &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;18.443&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Mathematics/18-443Fall2003/CourseHome/index.htm"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Statistics for Applications&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Fall 2003&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="row"&gt;    &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;18.700&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Mathematics/18-700Fall-2005/CourseHome/index.htm"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Linear Algebra&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Fall 2005&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="alt-row"&gt;    &lt;td&gt;&lt;div class="new-ico"&gt;&lt;img src="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/images/trans.gif" alt="NEW" title="NEW" width="25" height="10" /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;18.701&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Mathematics/18-701Fall-2007/CourseHome/index.htm"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Algebra I&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Fall 2007&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="row"&gt;    &lt;td&gt;&lt;div class="new-ico"&gt;&lt;img src="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/images/trans.gif" alt="NEW" title="NEW" width="25" height="10" /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;18.702&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Mathematics/18-702Spring-2008/CourseHome/index.htm"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Algebra II&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Spring 2008&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="alt-row"&gt;    &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;18.704&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Mathematics/18-704Fall-2004/CourseHome/index.htm"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Seminar in Algebra and Number Theory: Rational Points on Elliptic Curves&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Fall 2004&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="row"&gt;    &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;18.781&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Mathematics/18-781Spring2003/CourseHome/index.htm"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Theory of Numbers&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Spring 2003&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="alt-row"&gt;    &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;18.901&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Mathematics/18-901Fall-2004/CourseHome/index.htm"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Introduction to Topology&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Fall 2004&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="row"&gt;    &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;18.904&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Mathematics/18-904Fall-2005/CourseHome/index.htm"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Seminar in Topology&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Fall 2005&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="alt-row"&gt;    &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;18.950&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Mathematics/18-950Spring-2005/CourseHome/index.htm"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Differential Geometry&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Spring 2005&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="row"&gt;    &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;18.994&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Mathematics/18-994Fall-2004/CourseHome/index.htm"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Seminar in Geometry&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Fall 2004&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="alt-row"&gt;    &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;18.996VP&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Mathematics/18-996VPGeneral-Relativity-and-Gravitational-RadiationFall2002/CourseHome/index.htm"&gt;&lt;u&gt;General Relativity and Gravitational Radiation&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Fall 2002&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="row"&gt;    &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;18.S34&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Mathematics/18-S34Fall-2007/CourseHome/index.htm"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Problem Solving Seminar&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Fall 2007&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="alt-row"&gt;    &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;18.S66&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Mathematics/18-S66The-Art-of-CountingSpring2003/CourseHome/index.htm"&gt;&lt;u&gt;The Art of Counting&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Spring 2003&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;  &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/div&gt; 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  &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="alt-row"&gt;    &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;18.085&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Mathematics/18-085Fall-2007/CourseHome/index.htm"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Computational Science and Engineering I&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Fall 2007&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="row"&gt;    &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;18.086&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Mathematics/18-086Spring-2006/CourseHome/index.htm"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Mathematical Methods for Engineers II&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Spring 2006&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="alt-row"&gt;    &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;18.094J&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Chemistry/5-95JSpring-2006/CourseHome/index.htm"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Teaching College-Level Science&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Spring 2006&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="row"&gt;    &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;18.117&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Mathematics/18-117Spring-2005/CourseHome/index.htm"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Topics in Several Complex Variables&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Spring 2005&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="alt-row"&gt;    &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;18.125&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Mathematics/18-125Fall2003/CourseHome/index.htm"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Measure and Integration&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Fall 2003&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="row"&gt;    &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;18.155&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Mathematics/18-155Fall-2004/CourseHome/index.htm"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Differential Analysis&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Fall 2004&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="alt-row"&gt;    &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;18.156&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Mathematics/18-156Spring2004/CourseHome/index.htm"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Differential Analysis&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Spring 2004&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="row"&gt;    &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;18.175&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Mathematics/18-175Spring-2007/CourseHome/index.htm"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Theory of Probability&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Spring 2007&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="alt-row"&gt;    &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;18.305&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Mathematics/18-305Fall-2004/CourseHome/index.htm"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Advanced Analytic Methods in Science and Engineering&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Fall 2004&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="row"&gt;    &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;18.306&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Mathematics/18-306Spring2004/CourseHome/index.htm"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Advanced Partial Differential Equations with Applications&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Spring 2004&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="alt-row"&gt;    &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;18.307&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Mathematics/18-307Spring-2006/CourseHome/index.htm"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Integral Equations&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Spring 2006&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="row"&gt;    &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;18.315&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Mathematics/18-315Fall-2004/CourseHome/index.htm"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Combinatorial Theory: Hyperplane Arrangements&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Fall 2004&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="alt-row"&gt;    &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;18.315&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Mathematics/18-315Spring-2005/CourseHome/index.htm"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Combinatorial Theory: Introduction to Graph Theory, Extremal and Enumerative Combinatorics&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Spring 2005&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="row"&gt;    &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;18.318&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Mathematics/18-318Spring-2006/CourseHome/index.htm"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Topics in Algebraic Combinatorics&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Spring 2006&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="alt-row"&gt;    &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;18.319&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Mathematics/18-319Fall-2005/CourseHome/index.htm"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Geometric Combinatorics&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Fall 2005&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="row"&gt;    &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;18.325&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Mathematics/18-325Fall-2005/CourseHome/index.htm"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Topics in Applied Mathematics: Mathematical Methods in Nanophotonics&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Fall 2005&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="alt-row"&gt;    &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;18.327&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Mathematics/18-327Wavelets--Filter-Banks-and-ApplicationsSpring2003/CourseHome/index.htm"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Wavelets, Filter Banks and Applications&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Spring 2003&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="row"&gt;    &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;18.335J&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Mathematics/18-335JFall-2004/CourseHome/index.htm"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Introduction to Numerical Methods&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Fall 2004&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="alt-row"&gt;    &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;18.335J&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Mathematics/18-335JFall-2006/CourseHome/index.htm"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Introduction to Numerical Methods&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Fall 2006&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="row"&gt;    &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;18.336&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Mathematics/18-336Spring-2005/CourseHome/index.htm"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Numerical Methods of Applied Mathematics II&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Spring 2005&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="alt-row"&gt;    &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;18.338J&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Mathematics/18-338JFall-2004/CourseHome/index.htm"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Infinite Random Matrix Theory&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Fall 2004&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="row"&gt;    &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;18.366&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Mathematics/18-366Fall-2006/CourseHome/index.htm"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Random Walks and Diffusion&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Fall 2006&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="alt-row"&gt;    &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;18.376J&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Mechanical-Engineering/2-062JFall-2006/CourseHome/index.htm"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Wave Propagation&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Fall 2006&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="row"&gt;    &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;18.377J&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Mechanical-Engineering/2-034JSpring-2007/CourseHome/index.htm"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Nonlinear Dynamics and Waves&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Spring 2007&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="alt-row"&gt;    &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;18.385J&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Mathematics/18-385JFall-2004/CourseHome/index.htm"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Nonlinear Dynamics and Chaos&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Fall 2004&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="row"&gt;    &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;18.404J&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Mathematics/18-404JFall-2006/CourseHome/index.htm"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Theory of Computation&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Fall 2006&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="alt-row"&gt;    &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;18.405J&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Mathematics/18-405JFall2001/CourseHome/index.htm"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Advanced Complexity Theory&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Fall 2001&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="row"&gt;    &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;18.409&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Mathematics/18-409Spring2002/CourseHome/index.htm"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Behavior of Algorithms&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Spring 2002&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="alt-row"&gt;    &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;18.415J&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Electrical-Engineering-and-Computer-Science/6-854JFall2001/CourseHome/index.htm"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Advanced Algorithms&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Fall 2001&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="row"&gt;    &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;18.415J&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Electrical-Engineering-and-Computer-Science/6-854JFall-2005/CourseHome/index.htm"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Advanced Algorithms&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Fall 2005&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="alt-row"&gt;    &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;18.416J&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Electrical-Engineering-and-Computer-Science/6-856JRandomized-AlgorithmsFall2002/CourseHome/index.htm"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Randomized Algorithms&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Fall 2002&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="row"&gt;    &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;18.417&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Mathematics/18-417Fall-2004/CourseHome/index.htm"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Introduction to Computational Molecular Biology&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Fall 2004&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="alt-row"&gt;    &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;18.426J&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Electrical-Engineering-and-Computer-Science/6-876JSpring-2003/CourseHome/index.htm"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Advanced Topics in Cryptography&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Spring 2003&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="row"&gt;    &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;18.435J&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Mathematics/18-435jFall-2003/CourseHome/index.htm"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Quantum Computation&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Fall 2003&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="alt-row"&gt;    &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;18.437J&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Electrical-Engineering-and-Computer-Science/6-852JFall-2005/CourseHome/index.htm"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Distributed Algorithms&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Fall 2005&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="row"&gt;    &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;18.465&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Mathematics/18-465Spring-2005/CourseHome/index.htm"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Topics in Statistics: Nonparametrics and Robustness&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Spring 2005&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="alt-row"&gt;    &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;18.465&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Mathematics/18-465Spring-2007/CourseHome/index.htm"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Topics in Statistics: Statistical Learning Theory&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Spring 2007&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="row"&gt;    &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;18.466&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Mathematics/18-466Mathematical-StatisticsSpring2003/CourseHome/index.htm"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Mathematical Statistics&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Spring 2003&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="alt-row"&gt;    &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;18.725&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Mathematics/18-725Fall2003/CourseHome/index.htm"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Algebraic Geometry&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Fall 2003&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="row"&gt;    &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;18.727&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Mathematics/18-727Spring-2006/CourseHome/index.htm"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Topics in Algebraic Geometry: Intersection Theory on Moduli Spaces&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Spring 2006&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="alt-row"&gt;    &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;18.755&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Mathematics/18-755Fall-2004/CourseHome/index.htm"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Introduction to Lie Groups&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Fall 2004&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="row"&gt;    &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;18.785&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Mathematics/18-785Spring-2007/CourseHome/index.htm"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Analytic Number Theory&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Spring 2007&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="alt-row"&gt;    &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;18.786&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Mathematics/18-786Spring-2006/CourseHome/index.htm"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Topics in Algebraic Number Theory&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Spring 2006&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="row"&gt;    &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;18.905&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Mathematics/18-905Fall-2006/CourseHome/index.htm"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Algebraic Topology&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Fall 2006&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="alt-row"&gt;    &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;18.906&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Mathematics/18-906Spring-2006/CourseHome/index.htm"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Algebraic Topology II&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Spring 2006&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="row"&gt;    &lt;td&gt;&lt;div class="new-ico"&gt;&lt;img src="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/images/trans.gif" alt="NEW" title="NEW" width="25" height="10" /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;18.917&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Mathematics/18-917Fall-2007/CourseHome/index.htm"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Topics in Algebraic Topology: The Sullivan Conjecture&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Fall 2007&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="alt-row"&gt;    &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;18.965&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Mathematics/18-965Fall-2004/CourseHome/index.htm"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Geometry of Manifolds&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Fall 2004&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="row"&gt;    &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;18.966&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Mathematics/18-966Spring-2007/CourseHome/index.htm"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Geometry of Manifolds&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Spring 2007&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="alt-row"&gt;    &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;18.969&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Mathematics/18-969Fall-2006/CourseHome/index.htm"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Topics in Geometry&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Fall 2006&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="row"&gt;    &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;18.996&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Mathematics/18-996Spring2004/CourseHome/index.htm"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Random Matrix Theory and Its Applications&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Spring 2004&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="alt-row"&gt;    &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;18.996&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Mathematics/18-996Topics-in-Theoretical-Computer-Science---Internet-Research-ProblemsSpring2002/CourseHome/index.htm"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Topics in Theoretical Computer Science : Internet Research Problems&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Spring 2002&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="row"&gt;    &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;18.996A&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Mathematics/18-996ASpring-2004/CourseHome/index.htm"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Simplicity Theory&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Spring 2004&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="alt-row"&gt;    &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;18.997&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Mathematics/18-997Spring2004/CourseHome/index.htm"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Topics in Combinatorial Optimization&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Spring 2004&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sumber:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;MIT Open Course Ware&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/217481588150991647-7651028979908303104?l=timolimpiadekotabanjar.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://timolimpiadekotabanjar.blogspot.com/feeds/7651028979908303104/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=217481588150991647&amp;postID=7651028979908303104' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/217481588150991647/posts/default/7651028979908303104'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/217481588150991647/posts/default/7651028979908303104'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://timolimpiadekotabanjar.blogspot.com/2008/09/blog-post.html' title='Mathematics from OPENCOURSEWARE @ MIT'/><author><name>TOKOBA</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/15169116013076235860</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_9LwNY6hDx6w/SO9pI0aqwSI/AAAAAAAAAF4/ENwGUjFvz7A/s72-c/arip+nurahman.JPG' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-217481588150991647.post-7535395132552923149</id><published>2009-04-18T00:19:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-07-10T17:53:37.794-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Kimia'/><title type='text'>Jurnal Sains dan Teknologi Kota Banjar Divisi Kimia</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  &gt;Jurnal&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  &gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  &gt;Jurnal Sains dan Teknologi Kota Banjar Divisi Kimia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  &gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  &gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 16px; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  &gt;&lt;p style="outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; line-height: 1.5em; "&gt;The International Chemistry Olympiad (IChO) adalah sebuah kompetisi internasional tahunan di bidang kimia bagi pelajar SMU, yang diselenggarakan sejak lebih dari 30 tahun yang lalu.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; line-height: 1.5em; "&gt;Kompetisi ini bertujuan untuk menstimulasi para pelajar yang memiliki minat di bidang kimia untuk secara inovatif dan kreatif memecahkan masalah kimia. Kompetisi IChO diharapkan dapat mempererat hubungan internasional antara sesama pelajar dari berbagai negara serta mendorong hubungan dan kerjasama internasional di bidang kimia.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; line-height: 1.5em; "&gt;Kompetisi ini diselenggarakan setiap tahun sekitar pertengahan bulan Juli di negara penyelenggara yang telah ditetapkan sebelumnya. Setiap negara dapat mengirimkan 4 orang delegasinya, yang pada saat kompetisi berlangsung berusia tidak lebih dari 20 tahun.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; line-height: 1.5em; "&gt;Kompetisi berlangsung kurang lebih 1 minggu dengan materi ujian yang melingkupi ujian praktek dan teori. Materi ujian yang diberikan melingkupi hampir seluruh bidang ilmu kimia dan terapannya (kimia analitik, kimia organik dan anorganik, biokimia, kimia fisika, kimia kuantum, dsb).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; line-height: 1.5em; "&gt;Proses pemilihan Tim Olimpiade Kimia Indonesia : Peserta yang mewakili SMU-nya diseleksi secara bertahap dari tingkat propinsi sampai pusat yang diselenggarakan dengan kerjasama antara Depdikbud dan Universitas Indonesia MIPA Kimia. Calon peserta IChO sebelum mengikuti kompetisi diberikan matrikulasi meliputi teori dan praktikum selama kurang lebih 2 minggu di Universitas Indonesia. Tim Olimpiade Kimia Indonesia untuk pertama kalinya terjun dalam olimpiade di Vancouver, Kanada pada tahun 1997; tim ini terdiri dari 4 siswa.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; line-height: 1.5em; "&gt;Sampai tahun 2007, prestasi Tim Olimpiade Kimia Indonesia cukup membanggakan dengan hasil 4 perak dan 13 perunggu. Tahun 2007, kompetisi IChO ke-39 akan diselenggarakan di Moskow, Rusia. Redaksi &lt;a href="http://www.chem-is-try.org/" style="outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; "&gt;chem-is-try&lt;span style="outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; "&gt;.org&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; berharap wakil dari Indonesia bisa kembali berprestasi dan berkesempatan untuk mendapatkan medali emas pertama kalinya.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; line-height: 1.5em; "&gt;Selamat berjuang Tim Olimpiade Kimia Indonesia! Para siswa yang berminat mengikuti kompetisi tersebut dapat melihat atau mendownload kumpulan soal-soal olimpiade kimia melalui kolom link IChO atau di kumpulan soal-soal IChO.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/217481588150991647-7535395132552923149?l=timolimpiadekotabanjar.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://timolimpiadekotabanjar.blogspot.com/feeds/7535395132552923149/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=217481588150991647&amp;postID=7535395132552923149' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/217481588150991647/posts/default/7535395132552923149'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/217481588150991647/posts/default/7535395132552923149'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://timolimpiadekotabanjar.blogspot.com/2008/09/8_19.html' title='Jurnal Sains dan Teknologi Kota Banjar Divisi Kimia'/><author><name>TOKOBA</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/15169116013076235860</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-217481588150991647.post-5048301104194324711</id><published>2009-03-18T00:19:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-07-10T17:45:55.649-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Mathematics'/><title type='text'>Jurnal Sains dan Teknologi Kota Banjar Divisi Matematika</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;MATEMATIKA&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;Vision&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;-"Mengantarkan para PENDIDIK MATEMATIKA di Kota Banjar Menjadi Profesional dan Berkualitas International"-&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;Mission&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;1. Membangun Jurnal Lokal Matematika yang Komprehensif&lt;br /&gt;2. Membumikan Riset dan Pengembangan dalam Bahasa International untuk para Pendidik Matematika di Kota Banjar&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;Jurnal Sains dan Teknologi Kota Banjar Divisi Matematika&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;Diasuh Oleh:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Taryono S.Pd.&lt;br /&gt;(Lulusan Cum Laude FPMIPA UPI )&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jendri Irawan&lt;br /&gt;(Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;dan&lt;br /&gt;Arip Nurahman&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia &amp;amp; OpenCourseWare @ MIT, Cambridge MA., USA.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;h1 class="firstHeading"&gt;Matematika&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;!-- start content --&gt;    &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Matematika&lt;/b&gt; (dari &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Yunani" title="Bahasa Yunani"&gt;bahasa Yunani&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;i&gt;μαθηματικά&lt;/i&gt; - &lt;i&gt;mathēmatiká&lt;/i&gt;) secara umum ditegaskan sebagai penelitian &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pola" title="Pola"&gt;pola&lt;/a&gt; dari struktur, &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perubahan" title="Perubahan"&gt;perubahan&lt;/a&gt;, dan &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruang" title="Ruang"&gt;ruang&lt;/a&gt;; tak lebih resmi, seorang mungkin mengatakan adalah penelitian bilangan dan angka'. Dalam pandangan &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Formalis&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Formalis (belum dibuat)"&gt;formalis&lt;/a&gt;, matematika adalah pemeriksaan &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksioma" title="Aksioma"&gt;aksioma&lt;/a&gt; yang menegaskan &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Struktur_abstrak" title="Struktur abstrak"&gt;struktur abstrak&lt;/a&gt; menggunakan &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Logika_simbolik&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Logika simbolik (belum dibuat)"&gt;logika simbolik&lt;/a&gt; dan &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notasi_matematika" title="Notasi matematika"&gt;notasi matematika&lt;/a&gt;; pandangan lain tergambar dalam &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filosofi_matematika&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Filosofi matematika (belum dibuat)"&gt;filosofi matematika&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Struktur spesifik yang diselidiki oleh matematikus sering mempunyai berasal dari &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilmu_pengetahuan_alam" title="Ilmu pengetahuan alam" class="mw-redirect"&gt;ilmu pengetahuan alam&lt;/a&gt;, sangat umum di &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisika" title="Fisika"&gt;fisika&lt;/a&gt;, tetapi &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematikus" title="Mathematikus" class="mw-redirect"&gt;mathematikus&lt;/a&gt; juga menegaskan dan menyelidiki struktur untuk sebab hanya dalam saja sampai ilmu pasti, karena struktur mungkin menyediakan, untuk kejadian, generalisasi pemersatu bagi beberapa sub-bidang, atau alat membantu untuk perhitungan biasa. Akhirnya, banyak matematikus belajar bidang dilakukan mereka untuk sebab yang hanya estetis saja, melihat ilmu pasti sebagai bentuk &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seni" title="Seni"&gt;seni&lt;/a&gt; daripada sebagai &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilmu" title="Ilmu"&gt;ilmu&lt;/a&gt; praktis atau terapan.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;table id="toc" class="toc" summary="Daftar isi"&gt; &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;div id="toctitle"&gt; &lt;h2&gt;Daftar isi&lt;span class="toctoggle"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika#Sejarah_matematika"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Sejarah matematika&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika#Apakah_matematika.3F"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;2&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Apakah matematika?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika#Matematika_sebagai_Raja_dan_sekaligus_Pelayan"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;3&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Matematika sebagai Raja dan sekaligus Pelayan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika#Apakah_matematika_ilmu_yang_.27sulit.27.3F"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;4&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Apakah matematika ilmu yang 'sulit'?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika#Matematika_sebagai_bahasa"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;5&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Matematika sebagai bahasa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika#Ikhtisar"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;6&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Ikhtisar&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika#Topik_dalam_matematika"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;7&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Topik dalam matematika&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika#Kutipan"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;8&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Kutipan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika#Fakta_penting:_.22Matematika_bukan....22"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;9&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Fakta penting: "Matematika bukan..."&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika#Bibliografi"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;10&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Bibliografi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika#Pranala_luar"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;11&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Pranala luar&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika#Lihat_pula"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;12&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Lihat pula&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt; &lt;script type="text/javascript"&gt; //&lt;![CDATA[  if (window.showTocToggle) { var tocShowText = "tampilkan"; var tocHideText = "sembunyikan"; showTocToggle(); }  //]]&gt; &lt;/script&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name="Sejarah_matematika" id="Sejarah_matematika"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;Sejarah matematika&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;p&gt;Cakupan pengkajian yang disebut sebagai sejarah matematika adalah terutama berupa penyelidikan terhadap asal muasal temuan baru di dalam matematika, di dalam ruang lingkup yang lebih sempit berupa penyelidikan terhadap metode dan notasi matematika baku di masa silam.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Sebelum zaman modern dan pengetahuan yang tersebar global, contoh-contoh tertulis dari pembangunan matematika yang baru telah mencapai kemilaunya hanya di beberapa tempat. Tulisan matematika terkuno yang pernah ditemukan adalah Plimpton 322 (Matematika Babilonia yang berangka tahun 1900 SM), Lembaran Matematika Moskow (Matematika Mesir yang berangka tahun 1850 SM), Lembaran Matematika Rhind (Matematika Mesir yang berangka tahun 1650 SM), dan Shulba Sutra (Matematika India yang berangka tahun 800 SM).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Semua tulisan yang bersangkutan memusatkan perhatian kepada apa yang biasa dikenal sebagai Teorema Pythagoras, yang kelihatannya sebagai hasil pembangunan matematika yang paling kuno dan tersebar luas setelah aritmetika dasar dan geometri.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name="Apakah_matematika.3F" id="Apakah_matematika.3F"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;Apakah matematika?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;p&gt;Pengertian &lt;b&gt;matematika&lt;/b&gt; sangat sulit didefinsikan secara akurat. Pada umumnya orang awam hanya akrab dengan satu cabang matematika elementer yang disebut aritmetika atau ilmu hitung yang secara informal dapat didefinisikan sebagai ilmu tentang berbagai &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilangan" title="Bilangan"&gt;bilangan&lt;/a&gt; yang bisa langsung diperoleh dari &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilangan" title="Bilangan"&gt;bilangan&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilangan" title="Bilangan"&gt;bilangan&lt;/a&gt; bulat 0, 1, -1, 2, - 2, ..., dst, melalui beberapa operasi dasar: tambah, kurang, kali dan bagi.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Silakan baca kutipan-kutipan lama atau kuno di:&lt;/p&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.cut-the-knot.org/manifesto/beauty.shtml" class="external text" title="http://www.cut-the-knot.org/manifesto/beauty.shtml" rel="nofollow"&gt;Is Mathematics Beautiful?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.cut-the-knot.org/manifesto/need_it.shtml" class="external text" title="http://www.cut-the-knot.org/manifesto/need_it.shtml" rel="nofollow"&gt;Do We Need Mathematics?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name="Matematika_sebagai_Raja_dan_sekaligus_Pelayan" id="Matematika_sebagai_Raja_dan_sekaligus_Pelayan"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;Matematika sebagai Raja dan sekaligus Pelayan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;p&gt;Ada pendapat terkenal yang memandang matematika sebagai pelayan dan sekaligus raja dari ilmu-ilmu lain. Sebagai pelayan, matematika adalah ilmu dasar yang mendasari dan melayani berbagai ilmu pengetahuan lain. Sejak masa sebelum masehi, misalnya jaman Mesir kuno, cabang tertua dan termudah dari matematika (aritmetika) sudah digunakan untuk membuat piramida, digunakan untuk menentukan waktu turun hujan, dsb.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Sebagai raja, perkembangan matematika tak tergantung pada ilmu-ilmu lain. Banyak cabang matematika yang dulu biasa disebut &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Matematika_murni&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Matematika murni (belum dibuat)"&gt;matematika murni&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, dikembangkan oleh beberapa matematikawan yang mencintai dan belajar matematika hanya sebagai hoby tanpa memperdulikan fungsi dan manfaatnya untuk ilmu-ilmu lain. Dengan perkembangan teknologi, banyak cabang-cabang matematika murni yang ternyata kemudian hari bisa diterapkan dalam berbagai ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi mutakhir.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name="Apakah_matematika_ilmu_yang_.27sulit.27.3F" id="Apakah_matematika_ilmu_yang_.27sulit.27.3F"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;Apakah matematika ilmu yang 'sulit'?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;p&gt;Secara umum, semakin kompleks suatu fenomena, semakin kompleks pula alat (dalam hal ini jenis matematika) yang melalui berbagai perumusan (&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_matematika" title="Model matematika"&gt;model matematikanya&lt;/a&gt;) diharapkan mampu untuk mendapatkan atau sekedar mendekati solusi eksak seakurat-akuratnya.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Jadi tingkat kesulitan suatu jenis atau cabang matematika bukan disebabkan oleh jenis atau cabang matematika itu sendiri, tetapi disebabkan oleh sulit dan kompleksnya fenomena yang solusinya diusahakan dicari atau didekati oleh perumusan (&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_matematika" title="Model matematika"&gt;model matematikanya&lt;/a&gt;) dengan menggunakan jenis atau cabang matematika tersebut.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Sebaliknya berbagai fenomena fisik yg mudah di amati, misalnya jumlah penduduk di seluruh Indonesia, tak memerlukan jenis atau cabang matematika yang canggih. Kemampuan &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritmetika" title="Aritmetika"&gt;aritmetika&lt;/a&gt; sudah cukup untuk mencari solusi (jumlah penduduk) dengan keakuratan yang cukup tinggi.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name="Matematika_sebagai_bahasa" id="Matematika_sebagai_bahasa"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;Matematika sebagai bahasa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;p&gt;Di manakah letak semua konsep-konsep matematika, misalnya letak &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilangan" title="Bilangan"&gt;bilangan&lt;/a&gt; 1? Banyak para pakar matematika, misalnya para pakar &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teori_Model&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Teori Model (belum dibuat)"&gt;Teori Model&lt;/a&gt; (lihat &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_matematika" title="Model matematika"&gt;model matematika&lt;/a&gt;) yg juga mendalami filosofi di balik konsep-konsep matematika bersepakat bahwa semua konsep-konsep matematika secara &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal" title="Universal"&gt;universal&lt;/a&gt; terdapat di dalam pikiran setiap manusia.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Jadi yang dipelajari dalam matematika adalah berbagai simbol dan ekspresi untuk mengkomunikasikannya. Misalnya orang Jawa secara lisan memberi simbol bilangan 3 dengan mengatakan "Telu", sedangkan dalam bahasa Indonesia, bilangan tersebut disimbolkan melalui ucapan "Tiga". Inilah sebabnya, banyak pakar mengkelompokkan matematika dalam kelompok bahasa, atau lebih umum lagi dalam kelompok (alat) komunikasi, bukan sains.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Dalam pandangan &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Formalis&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Formalis (belum dibuat)"&gt;formalis&lt;/a&gt;, matematika adalah penelaahan &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Struktur_abstrak" title="Struktur abstrak"&gt;struktur abstrak&lt;/a&gt; yang didefinisikan secara aksioma dengan menggunakan &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Logika_simbolik&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Logika simbolik (belum dibuat)"&gt;logika simbolik&lt;/a&gt; dan &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notasi_matematika" title="Notasi matematika"&gt;notasi matematika&lt;/a&gt;; ada pula pandangan lain, misalnya yang dibahas dalam &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filosofi_matematika&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Filosofi matematika (belum dibuat)"&gt;filosofi matematika&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Struktur spesifik yang diselidiki oleh matematikawan sering kali berasal dari &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilmu_pengetahuan_alam" title="Ilmu pengetahuan alam" class="mw-redirect"&gt;ilmu pengetahuan alam&lt;/a&gt;, dan sangat umum di &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisika" title="Fisika"&gt;fisika&lt;/a&gt;, tetapi &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematikawan" title="Matematikawan"&gt;matematikawan&lt;/a&gt; juga mendefinisikan dan menyelidiki struktur internal dalam matematika itu sendiri, misalnya, untuk menggeneralisasikan teori bagi beberapa sub-bidang, atau alat membantu untuk perhitungan biasa. Akhirnya, banyak matematikawan belajar bidang yang dilakukan mereka untuk sebab estetis saja, melihat ilmu pasti sebagai bentuk &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seni" title="Seni"&gt;seni&lt;/a&gt; daripada sebagai &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilmu" title="Ilmu"&gt;ilmu&lt;/a&gt; praktis atau terapan.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Matematika tingkat lanjut digunakan sebagai alat untuk mempelajari berbagai fenomena fisik yg kompleks, khususnya berbagai fenomena alam yang teramati, agar &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pola" title="Pola"&gt;pola&lt;/a&gt; struktur, &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perubahan" title="Perubahan"&gt;perubahan&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruang" title="Ruang"&gt;ruang&lt;/a&gt; dan sifat-sifat fenomena bisa didekati atau dinyatakan dalam sebuah bentuk perumusan yg sistematis dan penuh dengan berbagai konvensi, simbol dan notasi. Hasil perumusan yang menggambarkan prilaku atau proses fenomena fisik tersebut biasa disebut &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_matematika" title="Model matematika"&gt;model matematika&lt;/a&gt; dari fenomena.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name="Ikhtisar" id="Ikhtisar"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;Ikhtisar&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;p&gt;Kata "matematika" berasal dari kata μάθημα(&lt;i&gt;máthema&lt;/i&gt;) dalam &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Yunani" title="Bahasa Yunani"&gt;bahasa Yunani&lt;/a&gt; yang diartikan sebagai "sains, ilmu pengetahuan, atau belajar" juga μαθηματικός (&lt;i&gt;mathematikós&lt;/i&gt;) yang diartikan sebagai "suka belajar".&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Disiplin utama dalam matematika didasarkan pada kebutuhan perhitungan dalam perdagangan, pengukuran tanah dan memprediksi peristiwa dalam astronomi. Ketiga kebutuhan ini secara umum berkaitan dengan ketiga pembagian umum bidang matematika: studi tentang struktur, ruang dan perubahan.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Pelajaran tentang struktur dimulai dengan &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilangan" title="Bilangan"&gt;bilangan&lt;/a&gt;, pertama dan yang sangat umum adalah &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bilangan_natural&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bilangan natural (belum dibuat)"&gt;bilangan natural&lt;/a&gt; dan &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilangan_bulat" title="Bilangan bulat"&gt;bilangan bulat&lt;/a&gt; dan &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operasi_arimetika&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Operasi arimetika (belum dibuat)"&gt;operasi arimetikanya&lt;/a&gt;, yang semuanya itu dijabarkan dalam &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aljabar_dasar&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Aljabar dasar (belum dibuat)"&gt;aljabar dasar&lt;/a&gt;. Sifat bilangan bulat yang lebih mendalam dipelajari dalam &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teori_bilangan" title="Teori bilangan"&gt;teori bilangan&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Investigasi metode-metode untuk memecahkan persamaan matematika dipelajari dalam &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aljabar_abstrak&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Aljabar abstrak (belum dibuat)"&gt;aljabar abstrak&lt;/a&gt;, yang antara lain, mempelajari tentang &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ring_%28matematika%29&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ring (matematika) (belum dibuat)"&gt;ring&lt;/a&gt; dan &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Field_%28matematika%29&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Field (matematika) (belum dibuat)"&gt;field&lt;/a&gt;, struktur yang menggeneralisasi sifat-sifat yang umumnya dimiliki bilangan. Konsep &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vektor_%28spasial%29" title="Vektor (spasial)"&gt;vektor&lt;/a&gt;, digeneralisasi menjadi &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vektor_ruang&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Vektor ruang (belum dibuat)"&gt;vektor ruang&lt;/a&gt; dipelajari dalam &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aljabar_linier" title="Aljabar linier"&gt;aljabar linier&lt;/a&gt;, yang termasuk dalam dua cabang: struktur dan ruang.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Ilmu tentang ruang berawal dari &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometri" title="Geometri"&gt;geometri&lt;/a&gt;, yaitu &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometri_Euclid" title="Geometri Euclid" class="mw-redirect"&gt;geometri Euclid&lt;/a&gt; dan &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigonometri" title="Trigonometri"&gt;trigonometri&lt;/a&gt; dari ruang tiga dimensi (yang juga dapat diterapkan ke dimensi lainnya), kemudian belakangan juga digeneralisasi ke &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geometri_Non-euclid&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Geometri Non-euclid (belum dibuat)"&gt;geometri Non-euclid&lt;/a&gt; yang memainkan peran sentral dalam teori &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativitas_umum" title="Relativitas umum"&gt;relativitas umum&lt;/a&gt;. Beberapa permasalahan rumit tentang &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Konstruksi_kompas_dan_penggaris&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Konstruksi kompas dan penggaris (belum dibuat)"&gt;konstruksi kompas dan penggaris&lt;/a&gt; akhirnya diselesaikan dalam &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teori_Galois&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Teori Galois (belum dibuat)"&gt;teori Galois&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Bidang ilmu modern tentang &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geometri_diferensial&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Geometri diferensial (belum dibuat)"&gt;geometri diferensial&lt;/a&gt; dan &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geometri_aljabar&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Geometri aljabar (belum dibuat)"&gt;geometri aljabar&lt;/a&gt; menggeneralisasikan geometri ke beberapa arah:: geometri diferensial menekankan pada konsep fungsi, &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buntelan&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Buntelan (belum dibuat)"&gt;buntelan&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derivatif" title="Derivatif"&gt;derivatif&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Smooth_function&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Smooth function (belum dibuat)"&gt;smoothness&lt;/a&gt; dan arah, sementara dalam geometri aljabar, objek-objek geometris digambarkan dalam bentuk sekumpulan &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Persamaan_polinomial&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Persamaan polinomial (belum dibuat)"&gt;persamaan polinomial&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teori_grup" title="Teori grup"&gt;Teori grup&lt;/a&gt; mempelajari konsep simetri secara abstrak dan menyediakan kaitan antara studi ruang dan struktur. &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topologi" title="Topologi"&gt;Topologi&lt;/a&gt; menghubungkan studi ruang dengan studi perubahan dengan berfokus pada konsep &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kontinuitas&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kontinuitas (belum dibuat)"&gt;kontinuitas&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Mengerti dan mendeskripsikan perubahan pada kuantitas yang dapat dihitung adalah suatu yang biasa dalam ilmu pengetahuan alam, dan kalkulus dibangun sebagai alat untuk tujauan tersebut. Konsep utama yang digunakan untuk menjelaskan perubahan variabel adalah &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fungsi_matematika_%28mathematics%29&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Fungsi matematika (mathematics) (belum dibuat)"&gt;fungsi&lt;/a&gt;. Banyak permasalahan yang berujung secara alamiah kepada hubungan antara kuantitas dan laju perubahannya, dan metoda untuk memecahkan masalah ini adalah topik dari &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Persamaan_differensial&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Persamaan differensial (belum dibuat)"&gt;persamaan differensial&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Untuk merepresentasikan kuantitas yang kontinu digunakanlah &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilangan_riil" title="Bilangan riil"&gt;bilangan riil&lt;/a&gt;, dan studi mendetail dari sifat-sifatnya dan sifat fungsi nilai riil dikenal sebagai &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analisis_riil" title="Analisis riil"&gt;analisis riil&lt;/a&gt;. Untuk beberapa alasan, amat tepat untuk menyamaratakan &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilangan_kompleks" title="Bilangan kompleks"&gt;bilangan kompleks&lt;/a&gt; yang dipelajari dalam &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Analisis_kompleks&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Analisis kompleks (belum dibuat)"&gt;analisis kompleks&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Analisis_fungsional&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Analisis fungsional (belum dibuat)"&gt;Analisis fungsional&lt;/a&gt; memfokuskan perhatian pada (secara khas dimensi tak terbatas) ruang fungsi, meletakkan dasar untuk &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekanika_kuantum" title="Mekanika kuantum"&gt;mekanika kuantum&lt;/a&gt; di antara banyak hal lainnya.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Banyak fenomena di alam bisa dideskripsikan dengan &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sistem_dinamis&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sistem dinamis (belum dibuat)"&gt;sistem dinamis&lt;/a&gt; dan &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teori_chaos" title="Teori chaos"&gt;teori chaos&lt;/a&gt; menghadapi fakta yang banyak dari sistem-sistem itu belum memperlihatkan jalan ketentuan yang tak dapat diperkirakan.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Agar menjelaskan dan menyelidiki dasar matematika, bidang &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teori_pasti&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Teori pasti (belum dibuat)"&gt;teori pasti&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logika_matematika" title="Logika matematika"&gt;logika matematika&lt;/a&gt; dan &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teori_model&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Teori model (belum dibuat)"&gt;teori model&lt;/a&gt; dikembangkan.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Saat pertama kali &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komputer" title="Komputer"&gt;komputer&lt;/a&gt; disusun, beberapa konsep teori yang penting dibentuk oleh matematikawan, menimbulkan bidang &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teori_komputabilitas&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Teori komputabilitas (belum dibuat)"&gt;teori komputabilitas&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teori_kompleksitas_komputasional&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Teori kompleksitas komputasional (belum dibuat)"&gt;teori kompleksitas komputasional&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teori_informasi" title="Teori informasi"&gt;teori informasi&lt;/a&gt; dan &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teori_informasi_algoritma&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Teori informasi algoritma (belum dibuat)"&gt;teori informasi algoritma&lt;/a&gt;. Kini banyak pertanyaan-pertanyaan itu diselidiki dalam &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilmu_komputer" title="Ilmu komputer"&gt;ilmu komputer&lt;/a&gt; teoritis. &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika_diskret" title="Matematika diskret"&gt;Matematika diskret&lt;/a&gt; ialah nama umum untuk bidang-bidang penggunaan matematika dalam ilmu komputer.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Bidang-bidang penting dalam &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Matematika_terapan&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Matematika terapan (belum dibuat)"&gt;matematika terapan&lt;/a&gt; ialah &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistik" title="Statistik" class="mw-redirect"&gt;statistik&lt;/a&gt;, yang menggunakan &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teori_probabilitas&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Teori probabilitas (belum dibuat)"&gt;teori probabilitas&lt;/a&gt; sebagai alat dan memberikan deskripsi itu, analisis dan perkiraan fenomena dan digunakan dalam seluruh ilmu. &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Analisis_bilangan&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Analisis bilangan (belum dibuat)"&gt;Analisis bilangan&lt;/a&gt; menyelidiki teori yang secara tepat guna memecahkan bermacam masalah matematika secara bilangan pada komputer dan mengambil kekeliruan menyeluruh ke dalam laporan.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name="Topik_dalam_matematika" id="Topik_dalam_matematika"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;Topik dalam matematika&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daftar_bahasan_dalam_matematika&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar bahasan dalam matematika (belum dibuat)"&gt;daftar bahasan dalam matematika&lt;/a&gt; dan subklasifikasinya dapat dilihat dalam daftar alfabet.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Daftar topik dan sub klasifikasi dibawah ini merupakan gambaran matematika secara umum.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;Kuantitas&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;p&gt;Pada dasarnya, topik dan ide ini menyajikan ukuran jelas dari bilangan atau kumpulan, atau jalan untuk menemukan semacam ukuran.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;dl&gt;&lt;dd&gt;&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angka" title="Angka" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Bilangan&lt;/a&gt; – &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bilangan_dasar&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bilangan dasar (belum dibuat)"&gt;Bilangan dasar&lt;/a&gt; – &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi" title="Pi"&gt;Pi&lt;/a&gt; – &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilangan_bulat" title="Bilangan bulat"&gt;Bilangan bulat&lt;/a&gt; – &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilangan_rasional" title="Bilangan rasional"&gt;Bilangan rasional&lt;/a&gt; – &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilangan_riil" title="Bilangan riil"&gt;Bilangan riil&lt;/a&gt; – &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilangan_kompleks" title="Bilangan kompleks"&gt;Bilangan kompleks&lt;/a&gt; – &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bilangan_hiperkompleks&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bilangan hiperkompleks (belum dibuat)"&gt;Bilangan hiperkompleks&lt;/a&gt; – &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quaternion&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Quaternion (belum dibuat)"&gt;Quaternion&lt;/a&gt; – &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oktonion&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Oktonion (belum dibuat)"&gt;Oktonion&lt;/a&gt; – &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sedenion&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sedenion (belum dibuat)"&gt;Sedenion&lt;/a&gt; – &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bilangan_hiperriil&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bilangan hiperriil (belum dibuat)"&gt;Bilangan hiperriil&lt;/a&gt; – &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bilangan_surreal&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bilangan surreal (belum dibuat)"&gt;Bilangan surreal&lt;/a&gt; – &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bilangan_urutan&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bilangan urutan (belum dibuat)"&gt;Bilangan urutan&lt;/a&gt; – &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bilangan_pokok&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bilangan pokok (belum dibuat)"&gt;Bilangan pokok&lt;/a&gt; – &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bilangan_P-adic&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bilangan P-adic (belum dibuat)"&gt;Bilangan P-adic&lt;/a&gt; – &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rangkaian_bilangan_bulat&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Rangkaian bilangan bulat (belum dibuat)"&gt;Rangkaian bilangan bulat&lt;/a&gt; – &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Konstanta_matematika&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Konstanta matematika (belum dibuat)"&gt;Konstanta matematika&lt;/a&gt; – &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nama_bilangan&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Nama bilangan (belum dibuat)"&gt;Nama bilangan&lt;/a&gt; – &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ketakterbatasan&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ketakterbatasan (belum dibuat)"&gt;Ketakterbatasan&lt;/a&gt; – &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dasar_%28matematika%29&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Dasar (matematika) (belum dibuat)"&gt;Dasar&lt;/a&gt; – &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sudut_Jarum_Jam&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sudut Jarum Jam (belum dibuat)"&gt;Sudut Jarum Jam&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/dd&gt;&lt;/dl&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;Perubahan&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;p&gt;Topik-topik berikut memberi cara untuk mengukur perubahan dalam fungsi matematika, dan perubahan antar angka.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;dl&gt;&lt;dd&gt;&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritmetika" title="Aritmetika"&gt;Aritmetika&lt;/a&gt; – &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalkulus" title="Kalkulus"&gt;Kalkulus&lt;/a&gt; – &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalkulus_vektor" title="Kalkulus vektor"&gt;Kalkulus vektor&lt;/a&gt; – &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Analisis_matematis&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Analisis matematis (belum dibuat)"&gt;Analisis&lt;/a&gt; – &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Persamaan_diferensial&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Persamaan diferensial (belum dibuat)"&gt;Persamaan diferensial&lt;/a&gt; – &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sistem_dinamis_dan_teori_chaos&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sistem dinamis dan teori chaos (belum dibuat)"&gt;Sistem dinamis dan teori chaos&lt;/a&gt; – &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daftar_fungsi&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar fungsi (belum dibuat)"&gt;Daftar fungsi&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/dd&gt;&lt;/dl&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;Struktur&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;p&gt;Cabang berikut mengukur besar dan simetri angka, dan berbagai konstruk.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;dl&gt;&lt;dd&gt;&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aljabar_abstrak&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Aljabar abstrak (belum dibuat)"&gt;Aljabar abstrak&lt;/a&gt; – &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teori_bilangan" title="Teori bilangan"&gt;Teori bilangan&lt;/a&gt; – &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geometri_aljabar&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Geometri aljabar (belum dibuat)"&gt;Geometri aljabar&lt;/a&gt; – &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teori_grup" title="Teori grup"&gt;Teori grup&lt;/a&gt; – &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monoid&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Monoid (belum dibuat)"&gt;Monoid&lt;/a&gt; – &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Analisis_matematis&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Analisis matematis (belum dibuat)"&gt;Analisis&lt;/a&gt; – &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topologi" title="Topologi"&gt;Topologi&lt;/a&gt; – &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aljabar_linear" title="Aljabar linear" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Aljabar linear&lt;/a&gt; – &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teori_grafik&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Teori grafik (belum dibuat)"&gt;Teori grafik&lt;/a&gt; – &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aljabar_universal&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Aljabar universal (belum dibuat)"&gt;Aljabar universal&lt;/a&gt; – &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teori_kategori" title="Teori kategori"&gt;Teori kategori&lt;/a&gt; – &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teori_urutan&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Teori urutan (belum dibuat)"&gt;Teori urutan&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/dd&gt;&lt;/dl&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;Ruang&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;p&gt;Topik-topik berikut mengukur pendekatan visual kepada matematika dari topik lainnya.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;dl&gt;&lt;dd&gt;&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topologi" title="Topologi"&gt;Topologi&lt;/a&gt; – &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometri" title="Geometri"&gt;Geometri&lt;/a&gt; – &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigonometri" title="Trigonometri"&gt;Trigonometri&lt;/a&gt; – &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geometri_Aljabar&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Geometri Aljabar (belum dibuat)"&gt;Geometri Aljabar&lt;/a&gt; – &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geometri_turunan&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Geometri turunan (belum dibuat)"&gt;Geometri turunan&lt;/a&gt; – &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Topologi_turunan&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Topologi turunan (belum dibuat)"&gt;Topologi turunan&lt;/a&gt; – &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Topologi_aljabar&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Topologi aljabar (belum dibuat)"&gt;Topologi aljabar&lt;/a&gt; – &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algebra_linear&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Algebra linear (belum dibuat)"&gt;Algebra linear&lt;/a&gt; – &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometri_fraktal" title="Geometri fraktal" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Geometri fraktal&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/dd&gt;&lt;/dl&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;Matematika diskrit&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;p&gt;Topik dalam &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika_diskrit" title="Matematika diskrit" class="mw-redirect"&gt;matematika diskrit&lt;/a&gt; berhadapan dengan cabang matematika dengan objek yang dapat mengambil harga tertentu dan terpisah.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;dl&gt;&lt;dd&gt;&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kombinasi_dan_permutasi" title="Kombinasi dan permutasi"&gt;Kombinasi&lt;/a&gt; – &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teori_himpunan_naif&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Teori himpunan naif (belum dibuat)"&gt;Teori himpunan naif&lt;/a&gt; – &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probabilitas" title="Probabilitas"&gt;Kemungkinan&lt;/a&gt; – &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komputasi" title="Komputasi"&gt;Teori komputasi&lt;/a&gt; – &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Matematika_terbatas&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Matematika terbatas (belum dibuat)"&gt;Matematika terbatas&lt;/a&gt; – &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kriptografi" title="Kriptografi"&gt;Kriptografi&lt;/a&gt; – &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teori_Gambar&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Teori Gambar (belum dibuat)"&gt;Teori Gambar&lt;/a&gt; – &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teori_permainan" title="Teori permainan"&gt;Teori permainan&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/dd&gt;&lt;/dl&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;Matematika terapan&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;p&gt;Bidang-bidang dalam &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Matematika_terapan&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Matematika terapan (belum dibuat)"&gt;matematika terapan&lt;/a&gt; menggunakan pengetahuan matematika untuk mengatasi masalah dunia nyata.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;dl&gt;&lt;dd&gt;&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekanika" title="Mekanika"&gt;Mekanika&lt;/a&gt; – &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Analisa_Numerik&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Analisa Numerik (belum dibuat)"&gt;Analisa Numerik&lt;/a&gt; – &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Optimisasi_%28matematika%29&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Optimisasi (matematika) (belum dibuat)"&gt;Optimisasi&lt;/a&gt; – &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probabilitas" title="Probabilitas"&gt;Probabilitas&lt;/a&gt; – &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistik" title="Statistik" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Statistik&lt;/a&gt; – &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Matematika_Finansial_%28keuangan%29&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Matematika Finansial (keuangan) (belum dibuat)"&gt;Matematika Finansial (keuangan)&lt;/a&gt; – &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Metoda_Numerik&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Metoda Numerik (belum dibuat)"&gt;Metoda Numerik&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/dd&gt;&lt;/dl&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;Konjektur dan teori-teori yang terkenal&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;p&gt;Teorema-teorema itu telah menarik matematikawan dan dan yang bukan matematikawan.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;dl&gt;&lt;dd&gt;&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teori_terakhir_Fermat" title="Teori terakhir Fermat" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Teori terakhir Fermat&lt;/a&gt; – &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konjektur_Goldbach" title="Konjektur Goldbach"&gt;Konjektur Goldbach&lt;/a&gt; – &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Konjektur_Utama_Kembar&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Konjektur Utama Kembar (belum dibuat)"&gt;Konjektur Utama Kembar&lt;/a&gt; – &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teorema_ketidaklengkapan_G%C3%B6del&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Teorema ketidaklengkapan Gödel (belum dibuat)"&gt;Teorema ketidaklengkapan Gödel&lt;/a&gt; – &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Konjektur_Poincar%C3%A9&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Konjektur Poincaré (belum dibuat)"&gt;Konjektur Poincaré&lt;/a&gt; – &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Argumen_diagonal_Cantor&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Argumen diagonal Cantor (belum dibuat)"&gt;Argumen diagonal Cantor&lt;/a&gt; – &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teorema_empat_warna&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Teorema empat warna (belum dibuat)"&gt;Teorema empat warna&lt;/a&gt; – &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lema_Zorn&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Lema Zorn (belum dibuat)"&gt;Lema Zorn&lt;/a&gt; – &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identitas_Euler" title="Identitas Euler"&gt;Identitas Euler&lt;/a&gt; – &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Konjektur_Scholz&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Konjektur Scholz (belum dibuat)"&gt;Konjektur Scholz&lt;/a&gt; – &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tesis_Church-Turing&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tesis Church-Turing (belum dibuat)"&gt;Tesis Church-Turing&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/dd&gt;&lt;/dl&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;Teori dan konjektur penting&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;p&gt;Di bawah ini adalah teori dan konjektur yang telah mengubah wajah matematika sepanjang sejarah.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;dl&gt;&lt;dd&gt;&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hipotesis_Riemann&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hipotesis Riemann (belum dibuat)"&gt;Hipotesis Riemann&lt;/a&gt; – &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hipotesis_Continuum&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hipotesis Continuum (belum dibuat)"&gt;Hipotesis Continuum&lt;/a&gt; – &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kelas_kerumitans_P_dan_NP&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kelas kerumitans P dan NP (belum dibuat)"&gt;P=NP&lt;/a&gt; – &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teori_Pythagorean&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Teori Pythagorean (belum dibuat)"&gt;Teori Pythagorean&lt;/a&gt; – &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Central_limit_theorem&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Central limit theorem (belum dibuat)"&gt;Central limit theorem&lt;/a&gt; – &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teordi_dasar_kalkulus&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Teordi dasar kalkulus (belum dibuat)"&gt;Teordi dasar kalkulus&lt;/a&gt; – &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teori_dasar_aljabar&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Teori dasar aljabar (belum dibuat)"&gt;Teori dasar aljabar&lt;/a&gt; – &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teori_dasar_aritmetik&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Teori dasar aritmetik (belum dibuat)"&gt;Teori dasar aritmetik&lt;/a&gt; – &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teori_dasar_geometri_proyektif&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Teori dasar geometri proyektif (belum dibuat)"&gt;Teori dasar geometri proyektif&lt;/a&gt; – &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Klasifikasi_teorema_permukaan&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Klasifikasi teorema permukaan (belum dibuat)"&gt;klasifikasi teorema permukaan&lt;/a&gt; – &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teori_Gauss-Bonnet&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Teori Gauss-Bonnet (belum dibuat)"&gt;Teori Gauss-Bonnet&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/dd&gt;&lt;/dl&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;Dasar dan metode&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;p&gt;Topik yang membahas pendekatan ke matematika dan pengaruh cara matematikawan mempelajari subyek mereka.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;dl&gt;&lt;dd&gt;&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filsafat_matematika&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Filsafat matematika (belum dibuat)"&gt;Filsafat matematika&lt;/a&gt; – &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Intuisionisme_matematika&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Intuisionisme matematika (belum dibuat)"&gt;Intuisionisme matematika&lt;/a&gt; – &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Konstruktivisme_matematika&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Konstruktivisme matematika (belum dibuat)"&gt;Konstruktivisme matematika&lt;/a&gt; – &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dasar_matematika&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Dasar matematika (belum dibuat)"&gt;Dasar matematika&lt;/a&gt; – &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teori_pasti&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Teori pasti (belum dibuat)"&gt;Teori pasti&lt;/a&gt; – &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Logika_simbol&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Logika simbol (belum dibuat)"&gt;Logika simbol&lt;/a&gt; – &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teori_model&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Teori model (belum dibuat)"&gt;Teori model&lt;/a&gt; – &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teori_kategori" title="Teori kategori"&gt;Teori kategori&lt;/a&gt; – &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logika" title="Logika"&gt;Logika&lt;/a&gt; – &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Matematika_kebalikan&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Matematika kebalikan (belum dibuat)"&gt;Matematika kebalikan&lt;/a&gt; – &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daftar_simbol_matematika" title="Daftar simbol matematika"&gt;Daftar simbol matematika&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/dd&gt;&lt;/dl&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;Sejarah dunia para matematikawan&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;dl&gt;&lt;dd&gt;&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sejarah_matematika&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sejarah matematika (belum dibuat)"&gt;Sejarah matematika&lt;/a&gt; – &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Garis_waktu_matematika&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Garis waktu matematika (belum dibuat)"&gt;Garis waktu matematika&lt;/a&gt; – &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematikawan" title="Matematikawan"&gt;Matematikawan&lt;/a&gt; – &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Medali_Bidang&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Medali Bidang (belum dibuat)"&gt;Medali bidang&lt;/a&gt; – &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hadiah_Abel&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hadiah Abel (belum dibuat)"&gt;Hadiah Abel&lt;/a&gt; – &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Masalah_Hadiah_Milenium&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Masalah Hadiah Milenium (belum dibuat)"&gt;Masalah Hadiah Milenium (Hadiah Matematika Clay)&lt;/a&gt; – &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Mathematical_Union&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="International Mathematical Union (belum dibuat)"&gt;International Mathematical Union&lt;/a&gt; – &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pertandingan_Matematika&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pertandingan Matematika (belum dibuat)"&gt;Pertandingan matematika&lt;/a&gt; – &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pemikiran_lateral&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pemikiran lateral (belum dibuat)"&gt;Pemikiran lateral&lt;/a&gt; – &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kemampuan_matematika_dan_masalah_gender&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kemampuan matematika dan masalah gender (belum dibuat)"&gt;Kemampuan matematika dan masalah gender&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/dd&gt;&lt;/dl&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;Matematika dan bidang lainnya&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;dl&gt;&lt;dd&gt;&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Matematika_dan_arsitektur&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Matematika dan arsitektur (belum dibuat)"&gt;Matematika dan arsitektur&lt;/a&gt; – &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Matematika_dan_pendidikan&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Matematika dan pendidikan (belum dibuat)"&gt;Matematika dan pendidikan&lt;/a&gt; – &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Matematika_skala_musik&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Matematika skala musik (belum dibuat)"&gt;Matematika skala musik&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/dd&gt;&lt;/dl&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;Kejadian Kebetulan Matematika&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;dl&gt;&lt;dd&gt;&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daftar_Kejadian_Kebetulan_Matematika&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar Kejadian Kebetulan Matematika (belum dibuat)"&gt;Daftar Kejadian Kebetulan Matematika&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/dd&gt;&lt;/dl&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;Peralatan Matematika&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Dulu:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abacus" title="Abacus" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Abacus&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tulang_Napier&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tulang Napier (belum dibuat)"&gt;Tulang Napier&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jangka_sorong" title="Jangka sorong"&gt;Jangka sorong&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penggaris" title="Penggaris"&gt;Penggaris&lt;/a&gt; dan &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompas" title="Kompas"&gt;Kompas&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perhitungan_biasa&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Perhitungan biasa (belum dibuat)"&gt;Perhitungan biasa&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Sekarang:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalkulator" title="Kalkulator" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Kalkulator&lt;/a&gt; dan &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komputer" title="Komputer"&gt;komputer&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_pemrograman" title="Bahasa pemrograman"&gt;Bahasa pemrograman&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sistem_komputer_aljabar&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sistem komputer aljabar (belum dibuat)"&gt;Sistem komputer aljabar&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_abstract_algebra_topics&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="List of abstract algebra topics (belum dibuat)"&gt;listing&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Notasi_sederhana_Internet&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Notasi sederhana Internet (belum dibuat)"&gt;Notasi sederhana Internet&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Analisis_statistik&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Analisis statistik (belum dibuat)"&gt;Analisis statistik&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software" title="Software" class="mw-redirect"&gt;software&lt;/a&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SPSS&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="SPSS (belum dibuat)"&gt;SPSS&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAS" title="SAS"&gt;SAS&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.r-project.org/" class="external text" title="http://www.r-project.org" rel="nofollow"&gt;R&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name="Kutipan" id="Kutipan"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;Kutipan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;p&gt;Menurut metode aksiomatik, di mana sifat-sifat tertentu (sebaliknya tak dikenal) struktur diambil dan kemudian secara logis akibat dari itu kenudian secara logika diturunkan, &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell"&gt;Bertrand Russell&lt;/a&gt; berkata:&lt;/p&gt; &lt;dl&gt;&lt;dd&gt;"Matematika dapat didefinisikan sebagai subyek yang mana kita tidak pernah tau tentang apa yang sedang kita bicarakan, maupun apa yang tidak kita katakan benar".&lt;/dd&gt;&lt;/dl&gt; &lt;p&gt;Mungkin ini menjelaskan mengapa &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_von_Neumann" title="John von Neumann"&gt;John von Neumann&lt;/a&gt; berkata suatu kali:&lt;/p&gt; &lt;dl&gt;&lt;dd&gt;"Dalam matematika Anda takkan memahami hal. Anda benar-benar mengambilnya dulu".&lt;/dd&gt;&lt;/dl&gt; &lt;p&gt;Tentang indahnya matematika, &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell"&gt;Bertrand Russell&lt;/a&gt; berkata dalam &lt;i&gt;Study of Mathematics&lt;/i&gt;:&lt;/p&gt; &lt;dl&gt;&lt;dd&gt;"Matematika, sudah sepantasnya dipandang, tak hanya memiliki kebenaran, namun keindahan tertinggi – dingin dan cermat yang bagus, seperti pahatan itu, tanpa menarik setiap bagian sifat lemah kita, tanpa hiasan indah lukisan atau musik, masih murni sama sekali, dan kemampuan kesempurnaan keras seperti hanya seni terbesar dapat mempertunjukkan. Jiwa kesenangan yang sesungguhnya, keagungan, arti badan lebih daripada manusia, yang merupakan batu ujian keunggulan tertinggi, untuk ditemukan dalam matematika seperti tentu saja puisi".&lt;/dd&gt;&lt;/dl&gt; &lt;p&gt;Menguraikan simetri antara aspek penciptaan dan logika matematika, W.S. Anglin mengamati, dalam &lt;i&gt;Mathematics and History&lt;/i&gt;:&lt;/p&gt; &lt;dl&gt;&lt;dd&gt;"Matematika bukanlah gerakan turun hati-hati jalan raya yang bebas, namun perjalanan dalam hutan belantara yang asing, di mana penjelajah sering kehilangan. Kekerasan akan menjadi tanda untuk sejarawan yang mana peta telah dibuat, dan penjelajah sesungguhnya telah pergi ke tempat lain".&lt;/dd&gt;&lt;/dl&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name="Fakta_penting:_.22Matematika_bukan....22" id="Fakta_penting:_.22Matematika_bukan....22"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;Fakta penting: "Matematika bukan..."&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Matematika bukan&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Numerologi&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Numerologi (belum dibuat)"&gt;numerologi&lt;/a&gt;. Walau numerologi memakai aritmetika modular untuk mengurangi nama dan data pada bilangan digit tunggal, numerologi secara berubah memberikan emosi atau ciri pada bilangan tanpa mengacaukan untuk membuktikan penetapan dalam gaya logika. Matematika ialah mengenai gagasan pembuktian atau penyangkalan dalam gaya logika, namun numerologi tidak. Interaksi antara secara berubah emosi penentuan bilangan secara intuitif diperkirakan daripada yang telah diperhitungkan secara seksama.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Matematika bukan&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akuntansi" title="Akuntansi"&gt;akuntansi&lt;/a&gt;. Meskipun perhitungan aritmetika sangat krusial dalam pekerjaan akuntansi, utamanya keduanya mengenai pembuktian yang mana perhitungan benar melalui sistem pemeriksaan ulang. Pembuktian atau penyangkalan hipotesis amat penting bagi matematikawan, namun tak sebanyak akuntan. Kelanjutan dalam matematika abstrak menyimpang pada akuntansi jika penemuan tak dapat diterapkan pada pembuktian efisiensi tata buku konkret.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Matematika bukan&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sains" title="Sains" class="mw-redirect"&gt;sains&lt;/a&gt;, karena kebenaran dalam matematika tidak memerlukan pengamatan &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empiris" title="Empiris"&gt;empiris&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Matematika bukan&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisika" title="Fisika"&gt;fisika&lt;/a&gt;, karena fisika adalah sains.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name="Bibliografi" id="Bibliografi"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;Bibliografi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;Courant, R. and H. Robbins&lt;/b&gt;, &lt;i&gt;What Is Mathematics?&lt;/i&gt; (&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1941" title="1941"&gt;1941&lt;/a&gt;);&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;Davis, Philip J. and Hersh, Reuben&lt;/b&gt;, &lt;i&gt;The Mathematical Experience&lt;/i&gt;. Birkhäuser, Boston, Mass., &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980" title="1980"&gt;1980&lt;/a&gt;. Pengenalan lemah lembut pada dunia matematika.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;Gullberg, Jan&lt;/b&gt;, &lt;i&gt;Mathematics--From the Birth of Numbers&lt;/i&gt;. W.W. Norton, &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996" title="1996"&gt;1996&lt;/a&gt;. Peninjauan luas matematika yang bersifat ensiklopedis yang disajikan secara jelas, bahasa sederhana.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;Hazewinkel, Michiel (ed.)&lt;/b&gt;, &lt;i&gt;Encyclopaedia of Mathematics&lt;/i&gt;. Kluwer Academic Publishers &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000" title="2000"&gt;2000&lt;/a&gt;. Versi terjemahan dan pengembangan ensiklopedi matematika Uni Soviet, dalam 10 (mahal) jilid, pekerjaan terlengkap dan berwenang yang tersedia. Juga pada buku sampul tipis dan CD-ROM.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;Kline, M.&lt;/b&gt;, &lt;i&gt;Mathematical Thought from Ancient to Modern Times&lt;/i&gt; (&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973" title="1973"&gt;1973&lt;/a&gt;);&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name="Pranala_luar" id="Pranala_luar"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;Pranala luar&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;div class="infobox sisterproject"&gt; &lt;div style="float: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="image" title="Wikiquote-logo.svg"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" width="35" border="0" height="41" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style="margin-left: 60px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikiquote" title="Wikiquote"&gt;Wikiquote&lt;/a&gt; mempunyai koleksi kutipan yang berkaitan dengan: &lt;div style="margin-left: 10px;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Mathematics" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Mathematics"&gt;Matematika&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="infobox sisterproject"&gt; &lt;div class="floatleft"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Commons-logo.svg" class="image" title="Commons-logo.svg"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/50px-Commons-logo.svg.png" width="50" border="0" height="67" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style="margin-left: 60px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons"&gt;Wikimedia Commons&lt;/a&gt; memiliki galeri mengenai: &lt;div style="margin-left: 10px;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mathematics" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Mathematics"&gt;Matematika&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.scienceforums.net/" class="external text" title="http://www.scienceforums.net:" rel="nofollow"&gt;A mathematics, science, technology, and physics discussion forum&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Rusin, Dave: &lt;a href="http://www.math-atlas.org/" class="external text" title="http://www.math-atlas.org/" rel="nofollow"&gt;&lt;i&gt;The Mathematical Atlas&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Panduan perjalanan melalui bermacam cabang matematika modern.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamus" title="Kamus"&gt;Kamus&lt;/a&gt; matematika oleh proyek &lt;a href="http://nrich.maths.org/" class="external text" title="http://nrich.maths.org/" rel="nofollow"&gt;NRICH&lt;/a&gt; pada &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitas_Cambridge" title="Universitas Cambridge"&gt;Universitas Cambridge&lt;/a&gt; (Britania Raya), &lt;a href="http://thesaurus.maths.org/" class="external text" title="http://thesaurus.maths.org/" rel="nofollow"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Connecting Mathematics&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Weisstein, Eric et al.: &lt;a href="http://www.mathworld.com/" class="external text" title="http://www.mathworld.com/" rel="nofollow"&gt;&lt;i&gt;MathWorld: World of Mathematics&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Ensiklopedia matematika online, berfokus pada matematika klasik.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://planetmath.org/" class="external text" title="http://planetmath.org/" rel="nofollow"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Planet Math&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Ensiklopedi matematika online yang sedang dibangun, berfokus pada matematika modern. Menggunakan lisensi &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/GFDL" title="GFDL" class="mw-redirect"&gt;GFDL&lt;/a&gt;, memberikan pertukaran artikel dengan Wikipedia. Menggunakan markup &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/TeX" title="TeX"&gt;TeX&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Stefanov, Alexandre: &lt;a href="http://us.geocities.com/alex_stef/mylist.html" class="external text" title="http://us.geocities.com/alex_stef/mylist.html" rel="nofollow"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Textbooks in Mathematics&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Daftar buku pelajaran dan catatan kuliah online bebas dalam matematika.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Bogomolny, Alexander: &lt;a href="http://www.cut-the-knot.org/" class="external text" title="http://www.cut-the-knot.org/" rel="nofollow"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Interactive Mathematics Miscellany and Puzzles&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Koleksi artikel besar dalam sejumlah topik matematika dengan lebih daripada 400 yang diilustrasikan dengan Java applets.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.mathforge.net/" class="external text" title="http://www.mathforge.net/" rel="nofollow"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Mathforge&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. News-blog dengan topik yang menyusun matematika populer pada fisika populer pada ilmu dan pendidikan komputer.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://metamath.org/" class="external text" title="http://metamath.org/" rel="nofollow"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Metamath&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Situs dan bahasa, yang menyusun matematika dari dasarnya.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name="Lihat_pula" id="Lihat_pula"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;Lihat pula&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;div class="tright portal" style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); margin: 0.5em 0pt 0.5em 0.5em;"&gt; &lt;table style="background: rgb(249, 249, 249) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; font-size: 85%; line-height: 110%;"&gt; &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Portal.svg" class="image" title="Portal.svg"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/28px-Portal.svg.png" width="28" border="0" height="28" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td style="padding: 0pt 0.2em;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Matematika" title="Portal:Matematika"&gt;Portal Matematika&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vektor" title="Vektor"&gt;Vektor&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daftar_matematikawan" title="Daftar matematikawan"&gt;Daftar matematikawan&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;span id="interwiki-ka-fa"&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span id="interwiki-ia-fa"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;span id="interwiki-la-fa"&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span id="interwiki-lmo-fa"&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span id="interwiki-mk-fa"&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span id="interwiki-vo-fa"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;!--  NewPP limit report Preprocessor node count: 97/1000000 Post-expand include size: 1063/2048000 bytes Template argument size: 54/2048000 bytes Expensive parser function count: 0/500 --&gt;  &lt;!-- Saved in parser cache with key idwiki:pcache:idhash:64-0!1!0!!id!2 and timestamp 20081024141620 --&gt; &lt;div class="printfooter"&gt; Diperoleh dari "&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika"&gt;http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika&lt;/a&gt;"&lt;/div&gt;    &lt;div id="catlinks" class="catlinks"&gt;&lt;div id="mw-normal-catlinks"&gt;&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istimewa:Daftar_kategori" title="Istimewa:Daftar kategori"&gt;Kategori&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kategori:Matematika" title="Kategori:Matematika"&gt;Matematika&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/217481588150991647-5048301104194324711?l=timolimpiadekotabanjar.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://timolimpiadekotabanjar.blogspot.com/feeds/5048301104194324711/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=217481588150991647&amp;postID=5048301104194324711' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/217481588150991647/posts/default/5048301104194324711'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/217481588150991647/posts/default/5048301104194324711'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://timolimpiadekotabanjar.blogspot.com/2008/09/i.html' title='Jurnal Sains dan Teknologi Kota Banjar Divisi Matematika'/><author><name>TOKOBA</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/15169116013076235860</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-217481588150991647.post-3629806383776603312</id><published>2009-02-18T00:19:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2011-07-10T17:44:54.183-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Physics'/><title type='text'>Banjar International Applied Physics Journal</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;Banjar International Applied Physics Journal&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Diasuh Oleh:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Bapak Itam Kistamaji S.Si.&lt;br /&gt;(SMAN 1 Banjar)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_9LwNY6hDx6w/SO9uHeNi4qI/AAAAAAAAAGY/6pSvdGfaqgE/s1600-h/arip+nurahman.JPG" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_9LwNY6hDx6w/SO9uHeNi4qI/AAAAAAAAAGY/6pSvdGfaqgE/s320/arip+nurahman.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5255540364812673698" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;dan&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Arip Nurahman&lt;br /&gt;(Indonesia University of  Education &amp;amp; MIT Open Course Ware U.S.A.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_9LwNY6hDx6w/SO9uoWh_MxI/AAAAAAAAAGg/AuT0vmZIVe0/s1600-h/arip+nurahman.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 0pt 10px 10px; float: right; cursor: pointer;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_9LwNY6hDx6w/SO9uoWh_MxI/AAAAAAAAAGg/AuT0vmZIVe0/s200/arip+nurahman.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5255540929686614802" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_9LwNY6hDx6w/SO9u916kdRI/AAAAAAAAAGo/vq5mfMiSHEU/s1600-h/arip+nurahman+indonesia+university+of+education.JPG" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_9LwNY6hDx6w/SO9u916kdRI/AAAAAAAAAGo/vq5mfMiSHEU/s200/arip+nurahman+indonesia+university+of+education.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5255541298888471826" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;Applications and Influence&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;div class="thumb tright"&gt; &lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width: 202px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Newton_Cannon.svg" class="image" title="Newton's cannonball: an artificial satellite"&gt;&lt;img alt="Newton's cannonball: an artificial satellite" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Newton_Cannon.svg/200px-Newton_Cannon.svg.png" class="thumbimage" width="200" border="0" height="200" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div style="text-align: center;" class="thumbcaption"&gt; &lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Newton_Cannon.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%27s_cannonball" title="Newton's cannonball"&gt;Newton's cannonball&lt;/a&gt;: an &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_satellite" title="Artificial satellite" class="mw-redirect"&gt;artificial satellite&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_physics" title="Applied physics"&gt;Applied physics&lt;/a&gt; is a general term for physics which is intended for a particular &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility" title="Utility"&gt;use&lt;/a&gt;; thus &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happiness" title="Happiness"&gt;happiness&lt;/a&gt; can come from a successful application of the science. "Applied" is distinguished from "pure" by a subtle combination of factors such as the motivation and attitude of researchers and the nature of the relationship to the technology or science that may be affected by the work.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics#cite_note-31" title=""&gt;[32]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Applied Physics curriculum will usually contain a few classes from the applied disciplines, like chemistry, computer science, or electrical engineering. It usually differs from &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering"&gt;engineering&lt;/a&gt; in that an applied physicist may not be designing something in particular, but rather is using physics or conducting physics research with the aim of developing new technologies or solving a problem. The approach is similar to that of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_mathematics" title="Applied mathematics"&gt;applied mathematics&lt;/a&gt;. Applied physicists can also be interested the use of physics for scientific research. For instance, people working on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerator_physics" title="Accelerator physics"&gt;accelerator physics&lt;/a&gt; might seek to build better particle detectors for research in theoretical physics.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;div class="thumb tright"&gt; &lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:IMG_1729_Gemaal_met_schroef_van_Archimedes_bij_Kinderdijk.JPG" class="image" title="Archimedes' screw uses the simple machines to lift water."&gt;&lt;img alt="Archimedes' screw uses the simple machines to lift water." src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/IMG_1729_Gemaal_met_schroef_van_Archimedes_bij_Kinderdijk.JPG/180px-IMG_1729_Gemaal_met_schroef_van_Archimedes_bij_Kinderdijk.JPG" class="thumbimage" width="180" border="0" height="240" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt; &lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:IMG_1729_Gemaal_met_schroef_van_Archimedes_bij_Kinderdijk.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archimedes%27_screw" title="Archimedes' screw"&gt;Archimedes' screw&lt;/a&gt; uses the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_machine" title="Simple machine"&gt;simple machines&lt;/a&gt; to lift &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water" title="Water"&gt;water&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Physics is used heavily in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering"&gt;engineering&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statics" title="Statics"&gt;Statics&lt;/a&gt;, a subfield of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanics" title="Mechanics"&gt;mechanics&lt;/a&gt;, is used in the building of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge" title="Bridge"&gt;bridges&lt;/a&gt; or other structures; the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_machine" title="Simple machine"&gt;simple machines&lt;/a&gt; such as the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lever" title="Lever"&gt;lever&lt;/a&gt; and the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramp" title="Ramp"&gt;ramp&lt;/a&gt; had to be discovered before they could be used; today, they can be taught to schoolchildren. The understanding and use of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustics" title="Acoustics"&gt;acoustics&lt;/a&gt; will result in better concert halls; similarly, the use of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optics" title="Optics"&gt;optics&lt;/a&gt; creates better optical devices. An understanding of physics makes for more realistic &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_simulator" title="Flight simulator"&gt;flight simulators&lt;/a&gt;, video games, and movies, as well as in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forensic" title="Forensic" class="mw-redirect"&gt;forensic&lt;/a&gt; investigations (what do we know and when do we know it; what did the subject know and when did the subject know it).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Because of its historical relationship to the development of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method"&gt;scientific method&lt;/a&gt;, physics reasoning can handle items which would ordinarily be mired in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conundrum" title="Conundrum"&gt;conundrums&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncertainty" title="Uncertainty"&gt;uncertainty&lt;/a&gt;. For example, in the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Earth#Origin" title="History of Earth"&gt;History of Earth#Origin&lt;/a&gt;, one can reasonably model Earth's &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass" title="Mass"&gt;mass&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature"&gt;temperature&lt;/a&gt;, and rate of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotation" title="Rotation"&gt;rotation&lt;/a&gt;, over &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time" title="Time"&gt;time&lt;/a&gt;. From these values, the chemical composition of Earth at differing &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoch" title="Epoch"&gt;epochs&lt;/a&gt; can be posited. Even if a precise linear timeline might be problematic, qualitative statements can then be made about the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Earth" title="History of Earth"&gt;history of Earth&lt;/a&gt;, which are still founded in the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laws_of_physics" title="Laws of physics" class="mw-redirect"&gt;laws of physics&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;There are many fields of physics which have strong applied branches, as well as many related and overlapping fields from other disciplines that are closely related to applied physics.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustics" title="Acoustics"&gt;Acoustics&lt;/a&gt;, the study of sound waves, is used everywhere we wish to hear, for example in music, speech, and audible alarms.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrophysics" title="Agrophysics"&gt;Agrophysics&lt;/a&gt; is the study of the physics in agronomy.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biophysics" title="Biophysics"&gt;Biophysics&lt;/a&gt; is the interface of biology and physics.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_physics" title="Chemical physics"&gt;Chemical physics&lt;/a&gt; studies the structure and dynamics of ions, free radicals, polymers, clusters, and molecules, using both classical and quantum mechanical viewpoints.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication" title="Communication"&gt;Communications&lt;/a&gt; has used physics extensively, for example in the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Laboratories" title="Bell Laboratories" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Bell Laboratories&lt;/a&gt;. The first &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite"&gt;communications satellite&lt;/a&gt; appeared 300 years after Newton.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Econophysics" title="Econophysics"&gt;Econophysics&lt;/a&gt; is the interface of economics and physics.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_physics" title="Engineering physics"&gt;Engineering physics&lt;/a&gt; graduates specialists in optics, nanotechnology, control theory, aerodynamics, or solid-state physics.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid_mechanics" title="Fluid mechanics"&gt;Fluid mechanics&lt;/a&gt; is the study of fluids (liquids and gases) at rest and in motion. The &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navier-Stokes_equations" title="Navier-Stokes equations" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Navier-Stokes equations&lt;/a&gt; are used in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercomputer" title="Supercomputer"&gt;supercomputers&lt;/a&gt; to model Earth's &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather" title="Weather"&gt;weather&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geophysics" title="Geophysics"&gt;Geophysics&lt;/a&gt; is the physics of Earth.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser" title="Laser"&gt;Lasers&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar" title="Radar"&gt;radar&lt;/a&gt; were developed in the laboratories, used by the military, and now have extensive peacetime uses. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_electronics" title="Quantum electronics"&gt;Quantum electronics&lt;/a&gt; includes the study of lasers.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materials_science" title="Materials science"&gt;Materials science&lt;/a&gt; is the systematic study of the properties of materials.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_physics" title="Medical physics"&gt;Medical physics&lt;/a&gt; includes the standards for radiation exposure and infrastructure for &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiology" title="Radiology"&gt;radiology&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnology" title="Nanotechnology"&gt;Nanotechnology&lt;/a&gt; studies the creation of machines less than a micrometer in size.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optics" title="Optics"&gt;Optics&lt;/a&gt; has existed as a science for over 1000 years. Like acoustics, it has its own journals, practitioners, and university departments, as well as industries which utilize those graduates.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optoelectronics" title="Optoelectronics"&gt;Optoelectronics&lt;/a&gt; creates devices which use light rather than current.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaics" title="Photovoltaics"&gt;Photovoltaics&lt;/a&gt;, or solar cells, promise to generate current from light.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_chemistry" title="Physical chemistry"&gt;Physical chemistry&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics_of_computation" title="Physics of computation"&gt;Physics of computation&lt;/a&gt; must rely upon the state of the art. For example, the accuracy of a computation depends on the ability to manufacture to tolerance, which was the undoing of Babbage's &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Difference_engine" title="Difference engine"&gt;difference engine&lt;/a&gt;. Babbage's design worked when built with twentieth century technology.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_physics" title="Plasma physics" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Plasma physics&lt;/a&gt; is the physics of an ionized gas.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_chemistry" title="Quantum chemistry"&gt;Quantum chemistry&lt;/a&gt; models matter using quantum mechanics.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_information_science" title="Quantum information science"&gt;Quantum information science&lt;/a&gt; applies &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qubit" title="Qubit"&gt;qubit&lt;/a&gt; devices.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_state_physics" title="Solid state physics" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Solid state physics&lt;/a&gt;, including the material properties of semiconductor devices and integrated circuits.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering"&gt;Engineering&lt;/a&gt; utilizes physics in service of technology rather than science.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_dynamics" title="Vehicle dynamics"&gt;Vehicle dynamics&lt;/a&gt; is a form of kinematics.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h1 class="firstHeading"&gt;Applied physics&lt;/h1&gt;       &lt;h3 id="siteSub"&gt;From Wikipedia&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Applied physics&lt;/b&gt; is a general term for &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics" title="Physics"&gt;physics&lt;/a&gt; which is intended for a particular technological or practical use. "Applied" is distinguished from "pure" by a subtle combination of factors such as the motivation and attitude of researchers and the nature of the relationship to the technology or science that may be affected by the work.&lt;a href="http://www.stanford.edu/dept/app-physics/general/" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.stanford.edu/dept/app-physics/general/" rel="nofollow"&gt;[1]&lt;/a&gt; It usually differs from &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering"&gt;engineering&lt;/a&gt; in that an applied physicist may not be designing something in particular, but rather is using physics or conducting physics research with the aim of developing new technologies or solving an engineering problem. This approach is similar to that of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_mathematics" title="Applied mathematics"&gt;applied mathematics&lt;/a&gt;. In other words, applied physics is rooted in the fundamental truths and basic concepts of the physical sciences but is concerned with the utilization of these scientific principles in practical devices and systems. Applied physicists can also be interested in the use of physics for scientific research. For instance, people working on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerator_physics" title="Accelerator physics"&gt;accelerator physics&lt;/a&gt; seek to build better accelerators for research in theoretical physics.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name="Fields_and_areas_of_research" id="Fields_and_areas_of_research"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;Fields and areas of research&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;div class="thumb tright"&gt; &lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width: 202px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:MRI_head_side.jpg" class="image" title="MRI Image"&gt;&lt;img alt="MRI Image" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/MRI_head_side.jpg/200px-MRI_head_side.jpg" class="thumbimage" width="200" border="0" height="200" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt; &lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:MRI_head_side.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRI" title="MRI" class="mw-redirect"&gt;MRI&lt;/a&gt; Image&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerator_physics" title="Accelerator physics"&gt;Accelerator physics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustics" title="Acoustics"&gt;Acoustics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrophysics" title="Agrophysics"&gt;Agrophysics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballistics" title="Ballistics"&gt;Ballistics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biophysics" title="Biophysics"&gt;Biophysics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_physics" title="Computational physics"&gt;Computational physics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_Physics" title="Communication Physics" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Communication Physics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Econophysics" title="Econophysics"&gt;Econophysics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_physics" title="Engineering physics"&gt;Engineering physics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber_Optics" title="Fiber Optics" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Fiber Optics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid_dynamics" title="Fluid dynamics"&gt;Fluid dynamics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser" title="Laser"&gt;Laser&lt;/a&gt; physics&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;div class="thumb tright"&gt; &lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width: 252px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Military_laser_experiment.jpg" class="image" title="Experiment using a (likely argon) laser"&gt;&lt;img alt="Experiment using a (likely argon) laser" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Military_laser_experiment.jpg/250px-Military_laser_experiment.jpg" class="thumbimage" width="250" border="0" height="163" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt; &lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Military_laser_experiment.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; Experiment using a (likely &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argon" title="Argon"&gt;argon&lt;/a&gt;) laser&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="thumb tright"&gt; &lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width: 202px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:CFD_Shuttle.jpg" class="image" title="Computer modeling of the Space Shuttle during re-entry"&gt;&lt;img alt="Computer modeling of the Space Shuttle during re-entry" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/CFD_Shuttle.jpg/200px-CFD_Shuttle.jpg" class="thumbimage" width="200" border="0" height="150" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt; &lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:CFD_Shuttle.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; Computer modeling of the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle"&gt;Space Shuttle&lt;/a&gt; during re-entry&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_force_microscope" title="Atomic force microscope"&gt;Force microscopy&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imaging" title="Imaging"&gt;imaging&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geophysics" title="Geophysics"&gt;Geophysics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_electronics" title="Quantum electronics"&gt;Quantum electronics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_physics" title="Medical physics"&gt;Medical physics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microfluidics" title="Microfluidics"&gt;Microfluidics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnology" title="Nanotechnology"&gt;Nanotechnology&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nondestructive_testing" title="Nondestructive testing"&gt;Nondestructive testing&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_engineering" title="Nuclear engineering"&gt;Nuclear engineering&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_technology" title="Nuclear technology"&gt;Nuclear technology&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optics" title="Optics"&gt;Optics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optoelectronics" title="Optoelectronics"&gt;Optoelectronics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_Electronics" title="Analog Electronics" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Analog Electronics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Electronics" title="Digital Electronics" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Digital Electronics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microprocessor_Interfacing&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Microprocessor Interfacing (page does not exist)"&gt;Microprocessor Interfacing&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Signals_And_Systems&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Signals And Systems (page does not exist)"&gt;Signals And Systems&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaics" title="Photovoltaics"&gt;Photovoltaics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_physics" title="Plasma physics" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Plasma physics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor"&gt;Semiconductor&lt;/a&gt; physics and devices&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_Physics" title="Soil Physics" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Soil Physics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_state_physics" title="Solid state physics" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Solid state physics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superconductor" title="Superconductor" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Superconductors&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_physics" title="Space physics"&gt;Space physics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spintronics" title="Spintronics"&gt;Spintronics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_dynamics" title="Vehicle dynamics"&gt;Vehicle dynamics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Metrological_Physics&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Metrological Physics (page does not exist)"&gt;Metrological Physics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name="Prominent_institutions" id="Prominent_institutions"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;Prominent institutions&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.aph.caltech.edu/" class="external text" title="http://www.aph.caltech.edu/" rel="nofollow"&gt;Department of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.stanford.edu/dept/app-physics/" class="external text" title="http://www.stanford.edu/dept/app-physics/" rel="nofollow"&gt;Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.apam.columbia.edu/" class="external text" title="http://www.apam.columbia.edu" rel="nofollow"&gt;Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.jhuapl.edu/" class="external text" title="http://www.jhuapl.edu" rel="nofollow"&gt;Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Applied_Physics,_University_of_Calcutta" title="Department of Applied Physics, University of Calcutta"&gt;Department of Applied Physics, University of Calcutta&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.uni-muenster.de/Physik.AP/Welcome-en.html" class="external text" title="http://www.uni-muenster.de/Physik.AP/Welcome-en.html" rel="nofollow"&gt;Institute of Applied Physics, Corrensstr&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.aep.cornell.edu/" class="external text" title="http://www.aep.cornell.edu/" rel="nofollow"&gt;School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.rpi.edu/dept/phys/" class="external text" title="http://www.rpi.edu/dept/phys/" rel="nofollow"&gt;Department of Physics, Applied Physics &amp;amp; Astronomy, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.ireap.umd.edu/" class="external text" title="http://www.ireap.umd.edu/" rel="nofollow"&gt;Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics, University of Maryland&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://applied.physics.lsa.umich.edu/" class="external text" title="http://applied.physics.lsa.umich.edu/" rel="nofollow"&gt;Department of Applied Physics, University of Michigan&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.uok.edu.pk/" class="external text" title="http://www.uok.edu.pk/" rel="nofollow"&gt;Department of Applied Physics, University of Karachi,Pakistan&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.kettering.edu/futurestudents/undergraduate/appliedphysics.jsp" class="external text" title="http://www.kettering.edu/futurestudents/undergraduate/appliedphysics.jsp" rel="nofollow"&gt;Department of Physics, Applied and Engineering Physics, Kettering University&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.tf.itb.ac.id/" class="external text" title="http://www.tf.itb.ac.id/" rel="nofollow"&gt;Department of Engineering Physics, Faculty of Industrial Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name="See_also" id="See_also"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;See also&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;ul style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.articleworld.org/index.php/Applied_physics" class="external text" title="http://www.articleworld.org/index.php/Applied_physics" rel="nofollow"&gt;Applied physics current and future&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="tright portal" style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); margin: 0.5em 0pt 0.5em 0.5em; text-align: center;"&gt; &lt;table style="background: rgb(249, 249, 249) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; font-size: 85%; line-height: 110%; text-align: left; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"&gt; &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Portal.svg" class="image" title="Portal.svg"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/28px-Portal.svg.png" width="28" border="0" height="28" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td style="padding: 0pt 0.2em;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Physics" title="Portal:Physics"&gt;Physics portal&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;   &lt;!--  NewPP limit report Preprocessor node count: 35/1000000 Post-expand include size: 317/2048000 bytes Template argument size: 14/2048000 bytes Expensive parser function count: 0/500 --&gt;  &lt;!-- Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:2641938-0!1!0!default!!en!2 and timestamp 20080928222827 --&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;" class="printfooter"&gt; Retrieved from "&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_physics"&gt;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_physics&lt;/a&gt;"&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;    &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;" id="catlinks" class="catlinks"&gt;&lt;div id="mw-normal-catlinks"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories"&gt;Categories&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Applied_and_interdisciplinary_physics" title="Category:Applied and interdisciplinary physics"&gt;Applied and interdisciplinary physics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/217481588150991647-3629806383776603312?l=timolimpiadekotabanjar.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://timolimpiadekotabanjar.blogspot.com/feeds/3629806383776603312/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=217481588150991647&amp;postID=3629806383776603312' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/217481588150991647/posts/default/3629806383776603312'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/217481588150991647/posts/default/3629806383776603312'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://timolimpiadekotabanjar.blogspot.com/2008/09/3.html' title='Banjar International Applied Physics Journal'/><author><name>TOKOBA</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/15169116013076235860</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_9LwNY6hDx6w/SO9uHeNi4qI/AAAAAAAAAGY/6pSvdGfaqgE/s72-c/arip+nurahman.JPG' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-217481588150991647.post-5052298786848301230</id><published>2009-01-18T00:19:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2011-07-10T17:43:12.552-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Arip Nurahman'/><title type='text'>Jurnal Sains dan Teknologi Kota Banjar Divisi Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi (Komputer)</title><content type='html'>&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt; 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Ahmad Sobana, Bapak Redy S.Kom.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  &gt;(SMAN 1 Banjar)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  &gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  &gt;Bapak Arif Nurhasan S.T.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  &gt;(Alumni Institut Teknologi  TELKOM )&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  &gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  &gt;Agus Haeruman&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  &gt;(Elektro Instrumentalia UGM)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  &gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  &gt;Ginanjar Fahrul M., Sandi Socrates, Dian Hadiana dan Christian S.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  &gt;(Informatika ITB, IT TELKOM, Informatika Maranatha Univ.)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  &gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  &gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  &gt;Visi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  &gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  &gt;ICT  for Society&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  &gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  &gt;Misi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  &gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  &gt;PUSAT PENDIDIKAN PENELITIAN DAN PENGEMBANGAN ICT UNTUK MASYARAKAT&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  &gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  &gt;Program&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  &gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  &gt;Pelatihan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  &gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  &gt;Fokus&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  &gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  &gt;&lt;b&gt;Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi (TIK)&lt;/b&gt;, atau dalam bahasa Inggris dikenal dengan istilah &lt;i&gt;Information and Communication Technologies&lt;/i&gt; (ICT), adalah payung besar terminologi yang mencakup seluruh peralatan &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teknis&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Teknis (halaman belum tersedia)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(186, 0, 0); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; "&gt;teknis&lt;/a&gt; untuk memproses dan menyampaikan informasi. TIK mencakup dua aspek yaitu &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teknologi_informasi" title="Teknologi informasi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; "&gt;teknologi informasi&lt;/a&gt; dan &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teknologi_komunikasi&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Teknologi komunikasi (halaman belum tersedia)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(186, 0, 0); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; "&gt;teknologi komunikasi&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teknologi" title="Teknologi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; "&gt;Teknologi&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informasi" title="Informasi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; "&gt;informasi&lt;/a&gt; meliputi segala hal yang berkaitan dengan proses, penggunaan sebagai alat bantu, manipulasi, dan pengelolaan informasi. Sedangkan teknologi &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunikasi" title="Komunikasi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; "&gt;komunikasi&lt;/a&gt; adalah segala sesuatu yang berkaitan dengan penggunaan alat bantu untuk memproses dan mentransfer data dari perangkat yang satu ke lainnya. Oleh karena itu, teknologi informasi dan teknologi komunikasi adalah dua buah konsep yang tidak terpisahkan. Jadi Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi mengandung pengertian luas yaitu segala kegiatan yang terkait dengan pemrosesan, manipulasi, pengelolaan, pemindahan informasi antar &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media" title="Media" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; "&gt;media&lt;/a&gt;. Istilah TIK muncul setelah adanya perpaduan antara teknologi &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komputer" title="Komputer" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; "&gt;komputer&lt;/a&gt; (baik &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perangkat_keras" title="Perangkat keras" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; "&gt;perangkat keras&lt;/a&gt; maupun &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perangkat_lunak" title="Perangkat lunak" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; "&gt;perangkat lunak&lt;/a&gt;) dengan teknologi komunikasi pada pertengahan &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad_ke-20" title="Abad ke-20" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; "&gt;abad ke-20&lt;/a&gt;. Perpaduan kedua teknologi tersebut berkembang pesat melampaui bidang teknologi lainnya. Hingga awal abad ke-21 TIK masih terus mengalami berbagai perubahan dan belum terlihat titik jenuhnya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  &gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  &gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  &gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h2 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); width: auto; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  &gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Sejarah"&gt;Sejarah&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  &gt;Ada beberapa tonggak perkembangan teknologi yang secara nyata memberi sumbangan terhadap perkembangan TIK hingga saat ini. Pertama yaitu temuan &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telepon" title="Telepon" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;telepon&lt;/a&gt; oleh &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;Alexander Graham Bell&lt;/a&gt; pada tahun &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1875" title="1875" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;1875&lt;/a&gt;. Temuan ini kemudian berkembang menjadi pengadaan jaringan komunikasi dengan &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabel" title="Kabel" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;kabel&lt;/a&gt; yang meliputi seluruh daratan &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benua_Amerika" title="Benua Amerika" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;Amerika&lt;/a&gt;, bahkan kemudian diikuti pemasangan kabel komunikasi &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trans-atlantik&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Trans-atlantik (halaman belum tersedia)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(186, 0, 0); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;trans-atlantik&lt;/a&gt;. Jaringan telepon ini merupakan infrastruktur masif pertama yang dibangun manusia untuk &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Komunikasi_global&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Komunikasi global (halaman belum tersedia)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(186, 0, 0); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;komunikasi global&lt;/a&gt;. Memasuki abad ke-20, tepatnya antara tahun &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1910" title="1910" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;1910&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1920" title="1920" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;1920&lt;/a&gt;, terwujud sebuah &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmisi" title="Transmisi" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;transmisi&lt;/a&gt; suara tanpa kabel melalui siaran &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radio_AM&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Radio AM (halaman belum tersedia)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(186, 0, 0); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;radio AM&lt;/a&gt; yang pertama. Komunikasi suara tanpa kabel ini pun segera berkembang pesat. Kemudian diikuti pula oleh transmisi &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Audio-visual&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Audio-visual (halaman belum tersedia)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(186, 0, 0); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;audio-visual&lt;/a&gt; tanpa kabel, yang berwujud siaran &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisi" title="Televisi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;televisi&lt;/a&gt;pada tahun &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1940" title="1940" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;1940&lt;/a&gt;-an. &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komputer" title="Komputer" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;Komputer&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;elektronik&lt;/a&gt; pertama beroperasi pada tahun &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1943" title="1943" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;1943&lt;/a&gt;. Lalu diikuti oleh tahapan miniaturisasi &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komponen_elektronik" title="Komponen elektronik" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;komponen elektronik&lt;/a&gt;melalui penemuan &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;transistor&lt;/a&gt; pada tahun &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1947" title="1947" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;1947&lt;/a&gt; dan rangkaian terpadu (&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Integrated_electronics&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Integrated electronics (halaman belum tersedia)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(186, 0, 0); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;integrated electronics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;) pada tahun &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1957" title="1957" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;1957&lt;/a&gt;. Perkembangan teknologi&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;elektronika&lt;/a&gt;, yang merupakan cikal bakal TIK saat ini, mendapatkan momen emasnya pada era &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Dingin" title="Perang Dingin" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;Perang Dingin&lt;/a&gt;. Persaingan &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IPTEK&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="IPTEK (halaman belum tersedia)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(186, 0, 0); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;IPTEK&lt;/a&gt; antara &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blok_Barat" title="Blok Barat" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;blok Barat&lt;/a&gt; (Amerika Serikat) dan &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blok_Timur" title="Blok Timur" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;blok Timur&lt;/a&gt; (dulu Uni Soviet) justru memacu perkembangan teknologi elektronika lewat upaya &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miniaturisasi&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Miniaturisasi (halaman belum tersedia)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(186, 0, 0); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;miniaturisasi&lt;/a&gt;rangkaian elektronik untuk &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pengendali_pesawat_ruang_angkasa&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengendali pesawat ruang angkasa (halaman belum tersedia)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(186, 0, 0); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;pengendali pesawat ruang angkasa&lt;/a&gt; maupun mesin-mesin perang. Miniaturisasi komponen elektronik, melalui penciptaan rangkaian terpadu, pada puncaknya melahirkan &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikroprosesor" title="Mikroprosesor" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;mikroprosesor&lt;/a&gt;. Mikroprosesor inilah yang menjadi ‘otak’ perangkat keras komputer dan terus berevolusi sampai saat ini. Perangkat telekomunikasi berkembang pesat saat teknologi &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital" title="Digital" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;digital&lt;/a&gt; mulai digunakan menggantikan teknologi &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinyal_analog" title="Sinyal analog" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;analog&lt;/a&gt;. Teknologi analog mulai terasa menampakkan batas-batas maksimal pengeksplorasiannya. &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digitalisasi&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Digitalisasi (halaman belum tersedia)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(186, 0, 0); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;Digitalisasi&lt;/a&gt;perangkat telekomunikasi kemudian berkonvergensi dengan perangkat komputer yang sejak awal merupakan perangkat yang mengadopsi teknologi digital. Produk hasil konvergensi inilah yang saat ini muncul dalam bentuk &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telepon_seluler" title="Telepon seluler" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;telepon seluler&lt;/a&gt;. Di atas &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastruktur" title="Infrastruktur" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;infrastruktur&lt;/a&gt; telekomunikasi dan&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komputasi" title="Komputasi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;komputasi&lt;/a&gt; ini kandungan isi (&lt;i&gt;content&lt;/i&gt;) berupa &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multimedia" title="Multimedia" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;multimedia&lt;/a&gt; mendapatkan tempat yang tepat untuk berkembang. Konvergensi &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telekomunikasi" title="Telekomunikasi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;telekomunikasi&lt;/a&gt; - komputasi multimedia inilah yang menjadi ciri &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad_ke-21" title="Abad ke-21" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;abad ke-21&lt;/a&gt;, sebagaimana &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad_ke-18" title="Abad ke-18" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;abad ke-18&lt;/a&gt; dicirikan oleh revolusi industri. Bila revolusi industri menjadikan mesin-mesin sebagai pengganti ‘otot’ manusia, maka revolusi digital (karena konvergensi telekomunikasi - komputasi multimedia terjadi melalui implementasi teknologi digital) menciptakan mesin-mesin yang mengganti (atau setidaknya meningkatkan kemampuan) ‘otak’ manusia.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h2 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); width: auto; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  &gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Penerapan_TIK_dalam_Pendidikan_di_Indonesia"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Penerapan TIK dalam Pendidikan di Indonesia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  &gt;Indonesia pernah menggunakan istilah &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telematika" title="Telematika" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;telematika&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telematics&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Telematics (halaman belum tersedia)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(186, 0, 0); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;telematics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;) untuk arti yang kurang lebih sama dengan TIK yang kita kenal saat ini.&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Encarta_Dictionary&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Encarta Dictionary (halaman belum tersedia)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(186, 0, 0); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;Encarta Dictionary&lt;/a&gt; mendeskripsikan &lt;i&gt;telematics&lt;/i&gt; sebagai &lt;i&gt;telecommunication&lt;/i&gt; + &lt;i&gt;informatics&lt;/i&gt; (telekomunikasi + &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informatika" title="Informatika" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;informatika&lt;/a&gt;) meskipun sebelumnya kata itu bermakna &lt;i&gt;science of data transmission&lt;/i&gt;. Pengolahan informasi dan pendistribusiannya melalui jaringan telekomunikasi membuka banyak peluang untuk dimanfaatkan di berbagai bidang kehidupan manusia, termasuk salah satunya bidang pendidikan. Ide untuk menggunakan mesin-belajar, membuat simulasi proses-proses yang rumit, animasi proses-proses yang sulit dideskripsikan sangat menarik minat praktisi pembelajaran. Tambahan lagi, kemungkinan untuk melayani pembelajaran yang tak terkendala waktu dan tempat juga dapat difasilitasi oleh TIK. Sejalan dengan itu mulailah bermunculan berbagai jargon berawalan &lt;i&gt;e&lt;/i&gt;, mulai dari &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-book" title="E-book" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;e-book&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-learning" title="E-learning" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;e-learning&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=E-laboratory&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="E-laboratory (halaman belum tersedia)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(186, 0, 0); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;e-laboratory&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=E-education&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="E-education (halaman belum tersedia)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(186, 0, 0); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;e-education&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=E-library&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="E-library (halaman belum tersedia)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(186, 0, 0); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;e-library&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, dan sebagainya. Awalan &lt;i&gt;e&lt;/i&gt; bermakna &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronics&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Electronics (halaman belum tersedia)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(186, 0, 0); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;electronics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; yang secara implisit dimaknai &lt;i&gt;berdasar teknologi elektronika digital&lt;/i&gt;. Pemanfaatan TIK dalam pembelajaran di Indonesia telah memiliki sejarah yang cukup panjang. Inisiatif menyelenggarakan siaran &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radio_pendidikan&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Radio pendidikan (halaman belum tersedia)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(186, 0, 0); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;radio pendidikan&lt;/a&gt; dan &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Televisi_pendidikan&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Televisi pendidikan (halaman belum tersedia)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(186, 0, 0); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;televisi pendidikan&lt;/a&gt; merupakan upaya melakukan penyebaran informasi ke satuan-satuan pendidikan yang tersebar di seluruh&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nusantara" title="Nusantara" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;nusantara&lt;/a&gt;. Hal ini adalah wujud dari kesadaran untuk mengoptimalkan pendayagunaan teknologi dalam membantu proses pembelajaran masyarakat. Kelemahan utama siaran radio maupun televisi pendidikan adalah tidak adanya &lt;i&gt;feedback&lt;/i&gt; yang seketika. Siaran bersifat searah yaitu dari narasumber atau fasilitator kepada pembelajar. Introduksi komputer dengan kemampuannya mengolah dan menyajikan tayangan multimedia (teks, grafis, gambar, suara, dan gambar bergerak) memberikan peluang baru untuk mengatasi kelemahan yang tidak dimiliki siaran radio dan televisi. Bila televisi hanya mampu memberikan informasi searah (terlebih jika materi tayangannya adalah materi hasil rekaman), pembelajaran berbasis teknologi internet memberikan peluang berinteraksi baik secara sinkron (&lt;i&gt;real time&lt;/i&gt;) maupun asinkron (&lt;i&gt;delayed&lt;/i&gt;). Pembelajaran berbasis &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;Internet&lt;/a&gt; memungkinkan terjadinya pembelajaran secara sinkron dengan keunggulan utama bahwa pembelajar maupun fasilitator tidak harus berada di satu tempat yang sama. Pemanfaatan teknologi &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_conference" title="Video conference" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;video conference&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; yang dijalankan dengan menggunakan teknologi Internet memungkinkan pembelajar berada di mana saja sepanjang terhubung ke jaringan komputer. Selain aplikasi unggulan seperti itu, beberapa peluang lain yang lebih sederhana dan lebih murah juga dapat dikembangkan sejalan dengan kemajuan TIK saat ini.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-color: initial; width: auto; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  &gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Buku_Elektronik"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Buku Elektronik&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  &gt;&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buku_elektronik" title="Buku elektronik" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;Buku elektronik&lt;/a&gt; atau &lt;i&gt;e-book&lt;/i&gt; adalah salah satu teknologi yang memanfaatkan komputer untuk menayangkan informasi multimedia dalam bentuk yang ringkas dan dinamis. Dalam sebuah &lt;i&gt;e-book&lt;/i&gt; dapat diintegrasikan tayangan suara, grafik, gambar, animasi, maupun &lt;i&gt;movie&lt;/i&gt;sehingga informasi yang disajikan lebih kaya dibandingkan dengan buku konvensional. Jenis &lt;i&gt;e-book&lt;/i&gt; paling sederhana adalah yang sekedar memindahkan buku &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Konvensional&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Konvensional (halaman belum tersedia)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(186, 0, 0); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;konvensional&lt;/a&gt; menjadi bentuk elektronik yang ditayangkan oleh komputer. Dengan teknologi ini, ratusan buku dapat disimpan dalam satu keping &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cakram_padat" title="Cakram padat" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;CD&lt;/a&gt; atau &lt;i&gt;compact disk&lt;/i&gt; (kapasitas sekitar 700MB), &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD" title="DVD" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;DVD&lt;/a&gt; atau &lt;i&gt;digital versatile disk&lt;/i&gt; (kapasitas 4,7 sampai 8,5 GB) maupun &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flashdisk" title="Flashdisk" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;flashdisk&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; (saat ini kapasitas yang tersedia sampai 16 GB). Bentuk yang lebih kompleks dan memerlukan rancangan yang lebih cermat misalnya pada &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Encarta" title="Microsoft Encarta" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;Microsoft Encarta&lt;/a&gt; dan &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_Britannica" title="Encyclopedia Britannica" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;Encyclopedia Britannica&lt;/a&gt; yang merupakan ensiklopedi dalam format multimedia. Format multimedia memungkinkan &lt;i&gt;e-book&lt;/i&gt; menyediakan tidak saja informasi tertulis tetapi juga suara, gambar, movie dan unsur multimedia lainnya. Penjelasan tentang satu jenis musik misalnya, dapat disertai dengan cuplikan suara jenis musik tersebut sehingga pengguna dapat dengan jelas memahami apa yang dimaksud oleh penyaji.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-color: initial; width: auto; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  &gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="E-learning"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;E-learning&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  &gt;Beragam definisi dapat ditemukan untuk &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-learning" title="E-learning" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;e-learning&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;. Victoria L. Tinio, misalnya, menyatakan bahwa &lt;i&gt;e-learning&lt;/i&gt; meliputi pembelajaran pada semua tingkatan, formal maupun nonformal, yang menggunakan jaringan komputer (&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intranet" title="Intranet" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;intranet&lt;/a&gt; maupun &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekstranet" title="Ekstranet" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;ekstranet&lt;/a&gt;) untuk pengantaran bahan ajar, interaksi, dan/atau fasilitasi. Untuk pembelajaran yang sebagian prosesnya berlangsung dengan bantuan jaringan internet sering disebut sebagai &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Online_learning&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Online learning (halaman belum tersedia)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(186, 0, 0); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;online learning&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;. Definisi yang lebih luas dikemukakan pada &lt;i&gt;working paper&lt;/i&gt; SEAMOLEC, yakni &lt;i&gt;e-learning&lt;/i&gt; adalah pembelajaran melalui jasa elektronik. Meski beragam definisi namun pada dasarnya disetujui bahwa &lt;i&gt;e-learning&lt;/i&gt; adalah pembelajaran dengan memanfaatkan teknologi elektronik sebagai sarana penyajian dan distribusi informasi. Dalam definisi tersebut tercakup siaran radio maupun televisi pendidikan sebagai salah satu bentuk &lt;i&gt;e-learning&lt;/i&gt;. Meskipun radio dan televisi pendidikan adalah salah satu bentuk e-learning, pada umumnya disepakati bahwa e-learning mencapai bentuk puncaknya setelah bersinergi dengan teknologi internet. &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Internet-based_learning&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Internet-based learning (halaman belum tersedia)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(186, 0, 0); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;Internet-based learning&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; atau &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Web-based_learning&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Web-based learning (halaman belum tersedia)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(186, 0, 0); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;web-based learning&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; dalam bentuk paling sederhana adalah &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Website" title="Website" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; yang dimanfaatkan untuk menyajikan materi-materi pembelajaran. Cara ini memungkinkan pembelajar mengakses sumber belajar yang disediakan oleh narasumber atau fasilitator kapanpun dikehendaki. Bila diperlukan dapat pula disediakan &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mailing_list" title="Mailing list" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;mailing list&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; khusus untuk situs pembelajaran tersebut yang berfungsi sebagai forum diskusi. Fasilitas &lt;i&gt;e-learning&lt;/i&gt; yang lengkap disediakan oleh perangkat lunak khusus yang disebut perangkat lunak pengelola pembelajaran atau &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LMS&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="LMS (halaman belum tersedia)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(186, 0, 0); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;LMS&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Learning_management_system&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Learning management system (halaman belum tersedia)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(186, 0, 0); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;learning management system&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;). LMS mutakhir berjalan berbasis teknologi internet sehingga dapat diakses dari manapun selama tersedia akses ke internet. Fasilitas yang disediakan meliputi pengelolaan siswa atau peserta didik, pengelolaan materi pembelajaran, pengelolaan proses pembelajaran termasuk pengelolaan evaluasi pembelajaran serta pengelolaan komunikasi antara pembelajar dengan fasilitator-fasilitatornya. Fasilitas ini memungkinkan kegiatan belajar dikelola tanpa adanya tatap muka langsung di antara pihak-pihak yang terlibat (administrator, fasilitator, peserta didik atau pembelajar). ‘Kehadiran’ pihak-pihak yang terlibat diwakili oleh &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-mail" title="E-mail" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;e-mail&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, kanal &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatting" title="Chatting" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;chatting&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, atau melalui &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_conference" title="Video conference" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;video conference&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h2 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); width: auto; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  &gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Referensi"&gt;Referensi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1.5em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  &gt;Haryanto, Edy. (2008). &lt;i&gt;Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi: Konsep dan Perkembangannya&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;i&gt;Pemanfaatan Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi Sebagai Media Pembelajaran&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/217481588150991647-5052298786848301230?l=timolimpiadekotabanjar.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://timolimpiadekotabanjar.blogspot.com/feeds/5052298786848301230/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=217481588150991647&amp;postID=5052298786848301230' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/217481588150991647/posts/default/5052298786848301230'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/217481588150991647/posts/default/5052298786848301230'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://timolimpiadekotabanjar.blogspot.com/2008/09/8_6419.html' title='Jurnal Sains dan Teknologi Kota Banjar Divisi Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi (Komputer)'/><author><name>TOKOBA</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/15169116013076235860</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-217481588150991647.post-1516901462431195215</id><published>2008-12-18T00:19:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2011-07-10T17:47:41.490-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Arip Nurahman'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Physics'/><title type='text'>Banjar International Journal for Physics Education</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;Banjar International Journal for Physics Education&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;Diasuh Oleh:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Arip Nurahman&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Indonesia University of  Education &amp;amp; MIT Open Course Ware U.S.A.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_9LwNY6hDx6w/SO90d2muwpI/AAAAAAAAAGw/dz0IrHKGRo0/s1600-h/arip+nurahman+indonesia+university+of+education.JPG" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_9LwNY6hDx6w/SO90d2muwpI/AAAAAAAAAGw/dz0IrHKGRo0/s200/arip+nurahman+indonesia+university+of+education.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5255547346387649170" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_9LwNY6hDx6w/SO91SDau2vI/AAAAAAAAAG4/n_pA-gdbEso/s1600-h/arip+nurahman+OCW.bmp" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 0pt 10px 10px; float: right; cursor: pointer;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_9LwNY6hDx6w/SO91SDau2vI/AAAAAAAAAG4/n_pA-gdbEso/s200/arip+nurahman+OCW.bmp" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5255548243180182258" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/oparum/LOCALS~1/Temp/moz-screenshot-6.jpg" alt="" /&gt;&lt;img src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/oparum/LOCALS~1/Temp/moz-screenshot-7.jpg" alt="" /&gt;&lt;img src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/oparum/LOCALS~1/Temp/moz-screenshot-8.jpg" alt="" /&gt;http://journals.iop.org/&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;table id="leftnav" summary="left-hand navigation" width="100%" align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th class="yellow" align="left" nowrap="nowrap"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.iop.org/EJ/" title="IOP Electronic Journals"&gt;Journals Content&lt;/a&gt; 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    &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;     &lt;tr&gt;     &lt;th class="yellow" align="left" nowrap="nowrap"&gt;       &lt;img src="http://journals.iop.org/images/arrow_yellow_back.gif" alt="*" vspace="2" /&gt;       New journals     &lt;/th&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;   &lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td class="yellow" valign="top"&gt;       &lt;ul class="linksfirst"&gt;&lt;!-- This file is auto-generated by generate_menu.cfm --&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.iop.org/EJ/journal/0067-0049"&gt;The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.iop.org/EJ/journal/0004-637X"&gt;The Astrophysical Journal&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.iop.org/EJ/journal/0253-6102"&gt;Communications in Theoretical Physics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.iop.org/EJ/journal/1749-4699"&gt;Computational Science &amp;amp; Discovery&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.iop.org/EJ/journal/1873-7005"&gt;Fluid Dynamics Research&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.iop.org/EJ/journal/1755-1315"&gt;IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.iop.org/EJ/journal/1757-899X"&gt;IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.iop.org/EJ/journal/1752-7163"&gt;Journal of Breath Research&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.iop.org/EJ/journal/1468-6996"&gt;Science and Technology of Advanced Materials&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;External links&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;div class="infobox sisterproject"&gt; &lt;div style="float: left;"&gt; &lt;div class="floatnone"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Wikibooks-logo-en.svg" class="image" title="Wikibooks"&gt;&lt;img alt="Wikibooks" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Wikibooks-logo-en.svg/50px-Wikibooks-logo-en.svg.png" width="50" border="0" height="57" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style="margin-left: 60px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikibooks" title="Wikibooks"&gt;Wikibooks&lt;/a&gt; has more on the topic of &lt;div style="margin-left: 10px;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Physics" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Special:Search/Physics"&gt;Physics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="infobox sisterproject"&gt; &lt;div style="float: left;"&gt; &lt;div class="floatnone"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Wikibooks-logo-en.svg" class="image" title="Wikibooks"&gt;&lt;img alt="Wikibooks" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Wikibooks-logo-en.svg/50px-Wikibooks-logo-en.svg.png" width="50" border="0" height="57" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style="margin-left: 60px;"&gt;Wikibooks' &lt;a href="http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Wikiversity" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Wikiversity"&gt;Wikiversity&lt;/a&gt; has more about this subject: &lt;div style="margin-left: 10px;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Wikiversity/School_of_Physics" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Wikiversity/School of Physics"&gt;School of Physics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="infobox sisterproject" style="float: right;"&gt; &lt;div style="float: left;"&gt; &lt;div class="floatnone"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Wiktionary-logo-en.svg" class="image" title="Wiktionary-logo-en.svg"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/49px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png" width="49" border="0" height="53" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style="margin-left: 60px;"&gt;Look up &lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/physics" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/physics"&gt;Physics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt; in&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary"&gt;Wiktionary&lt;/a&gt;, the free dictionary.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="infobox sisterproject"&gt; &lt;div style="float: left;" align="left"&gt; &lt;div&gt;&lt;a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Physics" title="Commons::Category:Physics"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/50px-Commons-logo.svg.png" width="50" border="0" height="67" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style="margin-left: 60px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons"&gt;Wikimedia Commons&lt;/a&gt; has media related to: &lt;div style="margin-left: 10px;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Physics" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Physics"&gt;Physics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/titles/00107514.asp" class="external text" title="http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/titles/00107514.asp" rel="nofollow"&gt;Contemporary Physics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.physics.org/sitesofmonth/sitesofmonth.asp" class="external text" title="http://www.physics.org/sitesofmonth/sitesofmonth.asp" rel="nofollow"&gt;Physics.org, Sites of the month&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name="General" id="General"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;General&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;Aristotle's &lt;a href="http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/a/a8ph/" class="external text" title="http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/a/a8ph/" rel="nofollow"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Physics&lt;/i&gt;, trans. by R. P. Hardie and R. K. Gaye&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://us.geocities.com/alex_stef/mylist.html" class="external text" title="http://us.geocities.com/alex_stef/mylist.html" rel="nofollow"&gt;Physics and Math Textbooks&lt;/a&gt; Numerous online textbooks on Physics and Mathematics&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/physics/" class="external text" title="http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/physics/" rel="nofollow"&gt;Usenet Physics FAQ&lt;/a&gt;. A &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAQ" title="FAQ"&gt;FAQ&lt;/a&gt; compiled by sci.physics and other physics newsgroups.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.physics.org/" class="external text" title="http://www.physics.org/" rel="nofollow"&gt;Physics.org&lt;/a&gt; - Web portal run by the &lt;a href="http://www.iop.org/" class="external text" title="http://www.iop.org/" rel="nofollow"&gt;Institute of Physics&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/physics/" class="external text" title="http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/physics/" rel="nofollow"&gt;World of Physics&lt;/a&gt;. An online encyclopedic dictionary of physics.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/" class="external text" title="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/" rel="nofollow"&gt;Website of the Nobel Prize in Physics&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://thephysics.net/" class="external text" title="http://thephysics.net" rel="nofollow"&gt;The Physics Network&lt;/a&gt; Official Physics Network&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.physicstoday.org/" class="external text" title="http://www.physicstoday.org" rel="nofollow"&gt;Physics Today&lt;/a&gt; - Your daily physics news and research source&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://musr.physics.ubc.ca/~jess/hr/skept/" class="external text" title="http://musr.physics.ubc.ca/~jess/hr/skept/" rel="nofollow"&gt;The Skeptic's Guide to Physics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.planetphysics.org/" class="external text" title="http://www.planetphysics.org" rel="nofollow"&gt;PlanetPhysics&lt;/a&gt; Online Physics&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.physics2005.org/" class="external text" title="http://www.physics2005.org" rel="nofollow"&gt;Physics 2005&lt;/a&gt;: Website of the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Year_of_Physics_2005" title="World Year of Physics 2005"&gt;World Year of Physics 2005&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://physicsweb.org/" class="external text" title="http://physicsweb.org" rel="nofollow"&gt;Physicsweb.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/titles/00107514.asp" class="external text" title="http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/titles/00107514.asp" rel="nofollow"&gt;Contemporary Physics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name="Organizations" id="Organizations"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;Organizations&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.aip.org/index.html" class="external text" title="http://www.aip.org/index.html" rel="nofollow"&gt;AIP.org&lt;/a&gt; Website of the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Institute_of_Physics" title="American Institute of Physics"&gt;American Institute of Physics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.iop.org/" class="external text" title="http://www.iop.org" rel="nofollow"&gt;IOP.org&lt;/a&gt; Website of the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Physics" title="Institute of Physics"&gt;Institute of Physics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.aps.org/" class="external text" title="http://www.aps.org" rel="nofollow"&gt;APS.org&lt;/a&gt; Website of the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Physical_Society" title="American Physical Society"&gt;American Physical Society&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.spsnational.org/" class="external text" title="http://www.spsnational.org" rel="nofollow"&gt;SPS National&lt;/a&gt; Website of the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Physics_Students" title="Society of Physics Students"&gt;Society of Physics Students&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.physicsmathforums.com/" class="external text" title="http://www.physicsmathforums.com" rel="nofollow"&gt;Physics &amp;amp; Math Forums&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.royalsoc.ac.uk/" class="external text" title="http://www.royalsoc.ac.uk" rel="nofollow"&gt;Royal Society&lt;/a&gt; Website of the Royal Society. Although not exclusively a physics institution, it has a strong physical history.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h1 class="firstHeading"&gt;Physics education&lt;/h1&gt;       &lt;h3 id="siteSub"&gt;From Wikipedia.&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;!-- start content --&gt;    &lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Physics education&lt;/b&gt; refers both to the methods currently used to teach &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics" title="Physics"&gt;physics&lt;/a&gt; and to an area of pedagogical research that seeks to improve those methods. Historically, physics has been taught at the high school and college level primarily by the lecture method together with laboratory exercises aimed at verifying concepts taught in the lectures.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Unfortunately, owing to the abstract and counterintuitive nature of many of the elementary concepts in physics, the lecture method often fails to help students overcome the many misconceptions about the physical world that they have developed before undertaking formal instruction in the subject. In most introductory physics courses mechanics usually is the first area of physics that is discussed. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%27s_laws_of_motion" title="Newton's laws of motion"&gt;Newton's laws of motion&lt;/a&gt;, which describe how massive objects respond to forces, are central to the study of mechanics. Newton arrived at his three laws of motion from an extensive study of empirical data including many astronomical observations.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;However, students frequently have preconceptions about the world around them that makes it difficult for them to accept &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%27s_Laws_of_Motion" title="Newton's Laws of Motion" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Newton's Laws of Motion&lt;/a&gt;. As an example &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%27s_First_Law" title="Newton's First Law" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Newton's First Law&lt;/a&gt;, also known as the law of inertia, states that, in an inertial frame, a body at rest will remain at rest and that a body moving at constant velocity will continue to move with the same velocity unless a net &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force" title="Force"&gt;force&lt;/a&gt; acts on the body. Many students hold the misconception that a net force is required to keep a body moving at constant &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velocity" title="Velocity"&gt;velocity&lt;/a&gt;. They know that to slide a book across a table a "push" has to be exerted on the book. However, they fail to take into account that there is more than one force acting on the book when it is being pushed across the table at constant velocity. In addition to the "push" being exerted, there also is a &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frictional_force" title="Frictional force" class="mw-redirect"&gt;frictional force&lt;/a&gt; in the opposite direction acting on the book from the tabletop. When the book moves at constant velocity those two forces balance out (add vectorially) to produce a net force of zero.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;In an &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_learning" title="Active learning"&gt;active learning&lt;/a&gt; environment students might experiment with objects in an environment that has almost no &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friction" title="Friction"&gt;friction&lt;/a&gt;, for example a block moving on an almost frictionless air table. There they would find that if they start the block moving at constant speed, it continues to move at constant speed without the need for a constant "push". It is hoped that exercises of this nature will help students to overcome their preconceived ideas about motion.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;table id="toc" class="toc" summary="Contents"&gt; &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;div id="toctitle"&gt; &lt;h2&gt;Contents&lt;span class="toctoggle"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics_education#Physics_education_in_American_high_schools"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Physics education in American high schools&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics_education#Goals_of_physics_education_research"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;2&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Goals of physics education research&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics_education#See_also"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;3&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;See also&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics_education#References"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;4&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;References&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics_education#External_links"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;5&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;External links&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt; &lt;script type="text/javascript"&gt; //&lt;![CDATA[  if (window.showTocToggle) { var tocShowText = "show"; var tocHideText = "hide"; showTocToggle(); }  //]]&gt; &lt;/script&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name="Physics_education_in_American_high_schools" id="Physics_education_in_American_high_schools"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;Physics education in American high schools&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Physics is taught in high schools, college and graduate schools. In the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States"&gt;US&lt;/a&gt;, it has traditionally not been introduced until junior or senior year (i.e. 12th grade), and then only as an elective or optional science course, which the majority of American high school students have not taken.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics_First" title="Physics First"&gt;Physics First&lt;/a&gt; is a popular and relatively new movement in American high schools. In schools with this curriculum 9th grade students take a course with introductory physics education. This is meant to enrich students understanding of physics, and allow for more detail to be taught in subsequent high school biology, and chemistry classes; it also aims to increase the number of students who go on to take 12th grade physics or AP Physics (both of which are generally electives in American high schools.)&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name="Goals_of_physics_education_research" id="Goals_of_physics_education_research"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;Goals of physics education research&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;The primary goal of physics education research is to develop pedagogical techniques and strategies that will help students learn physics more effectively. Research often focuses on learning more about the common misconceptions that students bring to the physics classroom, so that techniques can be devised to help students overcome these misconceptions. A variety of interactive learning methods (sometimes also called &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_learning" title="Active learning"&gt;active learning&lt;/a&gt; methods) and laboratory experiences have been developed with this aim.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name="See_also" id="See_also"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;See also&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics" title="Physics"&gt;Physics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_education" title="Science education"&gt;Science education&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balsa_wood_bridge" title="Balsa wood bridge"&gt;Balsa wood bridge&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egg_drop_competition" title="Egg drop competition"&gt;Egg drop competition&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mousetrap_car" title="Mousetrap car"&gt;Mousetrap car&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Lewin_Lectures_on_Physics" title="Walter Lewin Lectures on Physics"&gt;Walter Lewin Lectures on Physics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feynman_lectures" title="Feynman lectures" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Feynman lectures&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learning_Assistant_Model" title="Learning Assistant Model"&gt;Learning Assistant Model&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h1 class="firstHeading"&gt;The Physics Teacher&lt;/h1&gt;       &lt;h3 id="siteSub"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;              &lt;div id="jump-to-nav"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Physics_Teacher#searchInput"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;   &lt;!-- start content --&gt;    &lt;table class="infobox" style="font-size: 90%; width: 20em; text-align: left;"&gt; &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;th colspan="2" style="border-color: rgb(221, 255, 204); background: rgb(221, 255, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; text-align: center; font-size: larger;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;The Physics Teacher&lt;/i&gt; &lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;amp;rft.stitle=%27%27Phys.+Teach.%27%27&amp;amp;rft.issn=0031-921x&amp;amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscitation.aip.org%2Ftpt%2F"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/th&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th&gt;Abbreviated title&lt;/th&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;i&gt;Phys. Teach.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th width="42%"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_academic_disciplines" title="List of academic disciplines"&gt;Discipline&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/th&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics" title="Physics"&gt;Physics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th&gt;Language&lt;/th&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language" title="English language"&gt;English&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th colspan="2" style="background: rgb(221, 255, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; text-align: center;"&gt;Publication details&lt;/th&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th&gt;Publisher&lt;/th&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_of_Physics_Teachers" title="American Association of Physics Teachers"&gt;American Association of Physics Teachers&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_of_America" title="United States of America" class="mw-redirect"&gt;U.S.A&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th&gt;Publication history&lt;/th&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1963" title="1963"&gt;1963&lt;/a&gt; to present&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th colspan="2" style="background: rgb(221, 255, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; text-align: center;"&gt;Indexing&lt;/th&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number"&gt;ISSN&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/th&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0031-921x" class="external text" title="http://worldcat.org/issn/0031-921x" rel="nofollow"&gt;0031-921x&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th colspan="2" style="background: rgb(221, 255, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; text-align: center;"&gt;Links&lt;/th&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td colspan="2"&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/" class="external text" title="http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/" rel="nofollow"&gt;Journal homepage&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt; &lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;The Physics Teacher&lt;/b&gt; is a &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer-review" title="Peer-review" class="mw-redirect"&gt;peer-reviewed&lt;/a&gt; journal published by the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_of_Physics_Teachers" title="American Association of Physics Teachers"&gt;American Association of Physics Teachers&lt;/a&gt; and includes papers on physics research, papers on the history and philosophy of physics, papers on applied physics, papers curriculum developments, papers on pedagogy, papers on instructional lab equipment, and also includes book reviews.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;The Journal was established in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1963" title="1963"&gt;1963&lt;/a&gt;; the current editor is &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_C._Mamola&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl C. Mamola (page does not exist)"&gt;Karl C. Mamola&lt;/a&gt;, at &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appalachian_State_University" title="Appalachian State University"&gt;Appalachian State University&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Editorial policy for the journal explicitly specifies that articles submitted for publication should contribute to strengthening the teaching of introductory physics, whether at the high school or college level.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name="External_links" id="External_links"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;External links&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/" class="external text" title="http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/" rel="nofollow"&gt;The Physics Teacher online&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.aapt.org/publications/tptauthors.cfm" class="external text" title="http://www.aapt.org/publications/tptauthors.cfm" rel="nofollow"&gt;Information for The Physics Teacher authors&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;div class="boilerplate metadata" id="stub"&gt; &lt;table style="background-color: transparent;" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"&gt; &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Science.jpg" class="image" title="Science.jpg"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Science.jpg/20px-Science.jpg" width="20" border="0" height="21" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Book_Hexagonal_Icon.svg" class="image" title="Book Hexagonal Icon.svg"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Book_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/20px-Book_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" width="20" border="0" height="17" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; This article about a &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics" title="Physics"&gt;physics&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_journal" title="Academic journal"&gt;journal&lt;/a&gt; is a &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub" title="Wikipedia:Stub"&gt;stub&lt;/a&gt;. You can help Wikipedia by &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?stub&amp;amp;title=The_Physics_Teacher&amp;amp;action=edit" class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?stub&amp;amp;title=The_Physics_Teacher&amp;amp;action=edit" rel="nofollow"&gt;expanding it&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;   &lt;!--  NewPP limit report Preprocessor node count: 127/1000000 Post-expand include size: 2507/2048000 bytes Template argument size: 399/2048000 bytes Expensive parser function count: 0/500 --&gt;  &lt;!-- Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:8660922-0!1!0!default!!en!2 and timestamp 20081005195046 --&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;" class="printfooter"&gt; Retrieved from "&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Physics_Teacher"&gt;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Physics_Teacher&lt;/a&gt;"&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;    &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;" id="catlinks" class="catlinks"&gt;&lt;div id="mw-normal-catlinks"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories"&gt;Categories&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Physics_education" title="Category:Physics education"&gt;Physics education&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt; | &lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Physics_journals" title="Category:Physics journals"&gt;Physics journals&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt; | &lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Physics_journal_stubs" title="Category:Physics journal stubs"&gt;Physics journal stubs&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;h1 class="firstHeading"&gt;American Association of Physics Teachers&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;!-- start content --&gt;    &lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;The &lt;b&gt;American Association of Physics Teachers&lt;/b&gt; was founded in 1930 for the purpose of "dissemination of knowledge of physics, particularly by way of teaching."&lt;sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_of_Physics_Teachers#cite_note-0" title=""&gt;[1]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; There are more than 10,000 members that reside in over 30 countries. AAPT publications include two &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer-reviewed_journal" title="Peer-reviewed journal" class="mw-redirect"&gt;peer-reviewed journals&lt;/a&gt;, the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Journal_of_Physics" title="American Journal of Physics"&gt;American Journal of Physics&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Physics_Teacher" title="The Physics Teacher"&gt;The Physics Teacher&lt;/a&gt;. The association has two annual National Meetings (winter and summer) and has regional sections with their own meetings and organization. The association also offers grants and awards for physics educators and programs and contests for physics educators and students.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;table style="text-align: left; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;" id="toc" class="toc" summary="Contents"&gt; &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;div id="toctitle"&gt; &lt;h2&gt;Contents&lt;span class="toctoggle"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_of_Physics_Teachers#Brief_history"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Brief history&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_of_Physics_Teachers#Contests"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;2&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Contests&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_of_Physics_Teachers#See_also"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;3&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;See also&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_of_Physics_Teachers#References"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;4&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;References&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_of_Physics_Teachers#External_links"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;5&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;External links&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;script type="text/javascript"&gt; //&lt;![CDATA[  if (window.showTocToggle) { var tocShowText = "show"; var tocHideText = "hide"; showTocToggle(); }  //]]&gt; &lt;/script&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a name="Brief_history" id="Brief_history"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;h2 style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;Brief history&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;The American Association of Physics Teachers was founded on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_31" title="December 31"&gt;December 31&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1930" title="1930"&gt;1930&lt;/a&gt;, when forty-five physicists held a meeting during the joint &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Physical_Society" title="American Physical Society"&gt;APS&lt;/a&gt;-AAAS meeting in Cleveland specifically for that purpose.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;The AAPT became a founding member of the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Institute_of_Physics" title="American Institute of Physics"&gt;American Institute of Physics&lt;/a&gt; after the other founding members were convinced of the stability of the AAPT itself after a new constitution for the AAPT was agreed upon.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a name="Contests" id="Contests"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;h2 style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;Contests&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;The AAPT sponsors a number of competitions. The &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physics_Bowl&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Physics Bowl (page does not exist)"&gt;Physics Bowl&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_Flags" title="Six Flags"&gt;Six Flags&lt;/a&gt;' &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roller_coaster" title="Roller coaster"&gt;roller coaster&lt;/a&gt; contest, and the US Physics Team are just a few. The US physics team is determined by two preliminary exams and a week and a half long "boot camp." Each year, five members are selected to compete against dozens of countries in the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Physics_Olympiad" title="International Physics Olympiad"&gt;International Physics Olympiad&lt;/a&gt; (IPHO).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a name="See_also" id="See_also"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;h2 style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;See also&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Physics_Teacher" title="The Physics Teacher"&gt;The Physics Teacher&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oersted_Medal" title="Oersted Medal"&gt;Oersted Medal&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Institute_of_Physics" title="American Institute of Physics"&gt;American Institute of Physics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Journal_of_Physics" title="American Journal of Physics"&gt;American Journal of Physics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a name="References" id="References"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;h2 style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;References&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;ol style="text-align: justify;" class="references"&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-0"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_of_Physics_Teachers#cite_ref-0" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://www.aapt.org/aboutaapt/" class="external text" title="http://www.aapt.org/aboutaapt/" rel="nofollow"&gt;About AAPT&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name="External_links" id="External_links"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h2 style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;External links&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.aapt.org/" class="external text" title="http://www.aapt.org/" rel="nofollow"&gt;American Association of Physics Teachers web page&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.aapt.org/Events/" class="external text" title="http://www.aapt.org/Events/" rel="nofollow"&gt;AAPT sponsored events&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://library.uncg.edu/depts/archives/mss/html/Mss067.htm" class="external text" title="http://library.uncg.edu/depts/archives/mss/html/Mss067.htm" rel="nofollow"&gt;Finding Aid for the American Association of Physics Teachers, South Atlantic Coast Section Records&lt;/a&gt; at the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Greensboro" title="University of North Carolina at Greensboro"&gt;University of North Carolina at Greensboro&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;   &lt;!--  NewPP limit report Preprocessor node count: 25/1000000 Post-expand include size: 0/2048000 bytes Template argument size: 0/2048000 bytes Expensive parser function count: 0/500 --&gt; 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| &lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:American_professional_bodies" title="Category:American professional bodies"&gt;American professional bodies&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt; | &lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Academic_organizations" title="Category:Academic organizations"&gt;Academic organizations&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt; | &lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Organizations_established_in_1930" title="Category:Organizations established in 1930"&gt;Organizations established in 1930&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/217481588150991647-1516901462431195215?l=timolimpiadekotabanjar.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://timolimpiadekotabanjar.blogspot.com/feeds/1516901462431195215/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=217481588150991647&amp;postID=1516901462431195215' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/217481588150991647/posts/default/1516901462431195215'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/217481588150991647/posts/default/1516901462431195215'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://timolimpiadekotabanjar.blogspot.com/2008/09/4.html' title='Banjar International Journal for Physics Education'/><author><name>TOKOBA</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/15169116013076235860</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_9LwNY6hDx6w/SO90d2muwpI/AAAAAAAAAGw/dz0IrHKGRo0/s72-c/arip+nurahman+indonesia+university+of+education.JPG' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-217481588150991647.post-3553857250119466671</id><published>2008-11-18T00:19:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2011-07-10T17:46:51.311-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Physics'/><title type='text'>Banjar International Physics Journal</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia; color: rgb(51, 102, 255);font-size:180%;"&gt;Banjar International Physics Journal&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Arranged by:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Endang Jaenudin S.Pd.&lt;br /&gt;Physics Educator/Teacher at Senior High School 1 Banjar, West Java Indonesia&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_9LwNY6hDx6w/SNR-ij6fkMI/AAAAAAAAAFA/9zpGInVrRL4/s1600-h/arip+nurahman+logo+sman+1+banjar.JPG" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_9LwNY6hDx6w/SNR-ij6fkMI/AAAAAAAAAFA/9zpGInVrRL4/s200/arip+nurahman+logo+sman+1+banjar.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5247958598014701762" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;and&lt;br /&gt;Arip Nurahman&lt;br /&gt;Department of Physics Education, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics.&lt;br /&gt;Indonesia University of Education&lt;br /&gt;and&lt;br /&gt;Open Course Ware at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA. in Physics&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_9LwNY6hDx6w/SNR_B4-L5AI/AAAAAAAAAFY/6NFgLQv8OS0/s1600-h/arip+nurahman+indonesia+university+of+education.JPG" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_9LwNY6hDx6w/SNR_B4-L5AI/AAAAAAAAAFY/6NFgLQv8OS0/s200/arip+nurahman+indonesia+university+of+education.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5247959136243278850" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_9LwNY6hDx6w/SNR_osjoL0I/AAAAAAAAAFg/QRYRe9uVseY/s1600-h/arip+nurahman+logo+OCW+MIT.gif" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 0pt 10px 10px; float: right; cursor: pointer;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_9LwNY6hDx6w/SNR_osjoL0I/AAAAAAAAAFg/QRYRe9uVseY/s400/arip+nurahman+logo+OCW+MIT.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5247959802925559618" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h1 class="firstHeading"&gt;Physics&lt;/h1&gt;       &lt;h3 id="siteSub"&gt;From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia&lt;/h3&gt;                 &lt;!-- start content --&gt;    &lt;dl style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;dd&gt;&lt;i&gt;This is a discussion of a present category of science. For the work by &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle"&gt;Aristotle&lt;/a&gt;, see &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics_%28Aristotle%29" title="Physics (Aristotle)"&gt;Physics (Aristotle)&lt;/a&gt;. For a history of the science, see &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_physics" title="History of physics"&gt;History of physics&lt;/a&gt;. For the etymology of the word "physics," see &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physis" title="Physis"&gt;physis&lt;/a&gt; (φύσις).&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/dd&gt;&lt;/dl&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Physics&lt;/b&gt;, in everyday terms, is the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science" title="Science"&gt;science&lt;/a&gt; of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matter" title="Matter"&gt;matter&lt;/a&gt; &lt;sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics#cite_note-0" title=""&gt;[1]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; and its &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_%28physics%29" title="Motion (physics)"&gt;motion&lt;/a&gt;; the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science" title="Science"&gt;science&lt;/a&gt; that deals with concepts such as &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force" title="Force"&gt;force&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy" title="Energy"&gt;energy&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass" title="Mass"&gt;mass&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge" title="Charge"&gt;charge&lt;/a&gt; for example. More accurately, it is the general analysis of nature, conducted in order to understand how the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_%28philosophy%29" title="World (philosophy)"&gt;world around us&lt;/a&gt; behaves. &lt;sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics#cite_note-1" title=""&gt;[2]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics#cite_note-2" title=""&gt;[3]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;In one form or another, physics is one of the oldest academic disciplines, and possibly the oldest through its modern subfield of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy"&gt;astronomy&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics#cite_note-3" title=""&gt;[4]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Sometimes synonymous with &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy"&gt;philosophy&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry"&gt;chemistry&lt;/a&gt; and even certain branches of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics"&gt;mathematics&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology" title="Biology"&gt;biology&lt;/a&gt; during the last two millennia, physics &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_Revolution" title="Scientific Revolution"&gt;emerged as a modern science&lt;/a&gt; in the 16th century &lt;sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics#cite_note-4" title=""&gt;[5]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; and is now generally distinct from these other disciplines; although the boundaries between physics and all these other subjects still remain difficult to define.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Generally seen as an important subject, advances in physics often translate to the technological sector, and sometimes resonate with the other sciences, and even mathematics and philosophy. For example, advances in the understanding of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetism" title="Electromagnetism"&gt;electromagnetism&lt;/a&gt; lead to the widespread use of electrically driven devices (televisions, computers, home appliances etc.); advances in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamics" title="Thermodynamics"&gt;thermodynamics&lt;/a&gt; led to the development of motorized transport; and advances in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanics" title="Mechanics"&gt;mechanics&lt;/a&gt; led to the development of the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculus" title="Calculus"&gt;calculus&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_chemistry" title="Quantum chemistry"&gt;quantum chemistry&lt;/a&gt;, and the use of instruments like the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_microscope" title="Electron microscope"&gt;electron microscope&lt;/a&gt; in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiology" title="Microbiology"&gt;microbiology&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Today, physics is a broad and highly developed subject that is, for practical reasons, split into several general subfields. In addition to this, it can also be divided into two conceptually different branches: &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoretical_physics" title="Theoretical physics"&gt;theoretical&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental_physics" title="Experimental physics"&gt;experimental physics&lt;/a&gt;; the former dealing with the development of new theories, and the latter dealing with the experimental testing of these new, or existing, theories. Despite many important discoveries during the last four centuries, many significant questions about nature still remain unanswered, and many areas of the subject are still highly active.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div id="toctitle"&gt; &lt;h2&gt;Contents&lt;span class="toctoggle"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics#Introduction"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Introduction&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-2"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics#Scope_and_goals"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;1.1&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Scope and goals&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-2"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics#Physics_uses_the_scientific_method"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;1.2&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Physics uses the scientific method&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-2"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics#Data_collection_and_theory_development"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;1.3&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Data collection and theory development&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-2"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics#Physics_is_quantitative"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;1.4&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Physics is quantitative&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-2"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics#Relation_to_mathematics_and_the_other_sciences"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;1.5&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Relation to mathematics and the other sciences&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-2"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics#Philosophical_Implications"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;1.6&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Philosophical Implications&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics#History"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;2&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;History&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-2"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics#Etymology"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;2.1&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Etymology&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-2"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics#Ancient_Times"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;2.2&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Ancient Times&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-2"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics#Middle_Ages"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;2.3&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Middle Ages&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-2"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics#The_Scientific_Revolution"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;2.4&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;The Scientific Revolution&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-2"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics#1900_to_Present"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;2.5&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;1900 to Present&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics#Principles_and_concepts"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;3&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Principles and concepts&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-2"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics#Major_topics_of_physics"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;3.1&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Major topics of physics&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics#Current_research"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;4&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Current research&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics#Applications_and_Influence"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;5&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Applications and Influence&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics#See_also"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;6&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;See also&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-2"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics#Varieties_of_physics"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;6.1&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Varieties of physics&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-2"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics#Related_fields"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;6.2&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Related fields&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics#References"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;7&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;References&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics#External_links"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;8&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;External links&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-2"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics#General"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;8.1&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;General&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-2"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics#Organizations"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;8.2&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Organizations&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h2 style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;Introduction&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;dl style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;dd&gt;&lt;i&gt;There is also a &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_basic_physics_topics" title="List of basic physics topics"&gt;list of basic physics topics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; and a &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_basic_science_topics" title="List of basic science topics" class="mw-redirect"&gt;list of basic science topics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/dd&gt;&lt;/dl&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;table style="text-align: left; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"&gt; &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;table class="navbox" style="" cellspacing="0"&gt; &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;td style="padding: 2px;"&gt; &lt;table id="collapsibleTable0" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse" style="background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 100%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;color:inherit;" cellspacing="0"&gt; &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;th style="" colspan="2" class="navbox-title"&gt;&lt;span style="float: right; font-weight: normal; text-align: right; width: 6em;"&gt;[&lt;a href="javascript:collapseTable(0);" id="collapseButton0"&gt;show&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;div style="float: left; width: 6em; text-align: left;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;span style="font-size:110;"&gt;Major fields of &lt;strong class="selflink"&gt;Physics&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/th&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr style="height: 2px; display: none;"&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;td colspan="2" style="padding: 0px; width: 100%;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"&gt; &lt;div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophysics" title="Astrophysics"&gt;Astrophysics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic,_molecular,_and_optical_physics" title="Atomic, molecular, and optical physics"&gt;Atomic, molecular, and optical physics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_physics" title="Particle physics"&gt;Particle physics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condensed_matter_physics" title="Condensed matter physics"&gt;Condensed matter physics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_Physics" title="Mathematical Physics" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Mathematical Physics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulk_matter" title="Bulk matter" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Bulk matter&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; 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categoryTreeExpandNode('Wikipedia_requested_photographs_of_physics_subjects',{&amp;quot;mode&amp;quot;:0,&amp;quot;hideprefix&amp;quot;:20,&amp;quot;showcount&amp;quot;:false,&amp;quot;namespaces&amp;quot;:false},this);"&gt;[&lt;b&gt;+&lt;/b&gt;]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;a class="CategoryTreeLabel CategoryTreeLabelNs14 CategoryTreeLabelCategory" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_requested_photographs_of_physics_subjects"&gt;Wikipedia requested photographs of physics subjects&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;  &lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="CategoryTreeSection"&gt; &lt;div class="CategoryTreeItem"&gt;&lt;span class="CategoryTreeBullet"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Physics_stubs" class="CategoryTreeToggle" title="expand" onclick="this.href='javascript:void(0)'; categoryTreeExpandNode('Physics_stubs',{&amp;quot;mode&amp;quot;:0,&amp;quot;hideprefix&amp;quot;:20,&amp;quot;showcount&amp;quot;:false,&amp;quot;namespaces&amp;quot;:false},this);"&gt;[&lt;b&gt;+&lt;/b&gt;]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;a class="CategoryTreeLabel CategoryTreeLabelNs14 CategoryTreeLabelCategory" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Physics_stubs"&gt;Physics stubs&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;  &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/217481588150991647-3553857250119466671?l=timolimpiadekotabanjar.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://timolimpiadekotabanjar.blogspot.com/feeds/3553857250119466671/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=217481588150991647&amp;postID=3553857250119466671' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/217481588150991647/posts/default/3553857250119466671'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/217481588150991647/posts/default/3553857250119466671'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://timolimpiadekotabanjar.blogspot.com/2008/09/5.html' title='Banjar International Physics Journal'/><author><name>TOKOBA</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/15169116013076235860</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_9LwNY6hDx6w/SNR-ij6fkMI/AAAAAAAAAFA/9zpGInVrRL4/s72-c/arip+nurahman+logo+sman+1+banjar.JPG' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-217481588150991647.post-3944407111499755451</id><published>2008-10-18T00:19:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-07-10T17:50:24.976-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Biology'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Arip Nurahman'/><title type='text'>Team Olimpiade Biologi Kota Banjar</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; "&gt;&lt;h3 style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(51, 77, 85); "&gt;Vision&lt;/h3&gt;    Promoting Indonesian world-class biologist.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h3 style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(51, 77, 85); "&gt;Mission&lt;/h3&gt;    Educating Indonesia human resources, particularly in field of Biology&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h3 style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(51, 77, 85); "&gt;Objectives&lt;/h3&gt;    Promoting Indonesian students for International Biology Olympiad&lt;br /&gt;    Participating in environmental conservation&lt;br /&gt;    Encouraging public awareness on environment &lt;blockquote&gt;The company is incorporated under laws of foundation (registered to Department of Justice and human rights) &lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; "&gt;&lt;h3 style="text-align: left;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(51, 77, 85); "&gt;Activities&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;&lt;li style="text-align: left;line-height: 15px; padding-left: 15px; padding-top: 0px; background-image: url(http://www.tobi.or.id/%22%22%22%22http://www.tobi.or.id/templates/slikworm/images/arrow.png%22%22%22%22); background-position: 0px 2px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "&gt;Training centre for Biology&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="text-align: left;line-height: 15px; padding-left: 15px; padding-top: 0px; background-image: url(http://www.tobi.or.id/%22%22%22%22http://www.tobi.or.id/templates/slikworm/images/arrow.png%22%22%22%22); background-position: 0px 2px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "&gt;Information centre dan development for Biology &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="text-align: left;line-height: 15px; padding-left: 15px; padding-top: 0px; background-image: url(http://www.tobi.or.id/%22%22%22%22http://www.tobi.or.id/templates/slikworm/images/arrow.png%22%22%22%22); background-position: 0px 2px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "&gt;Social empowerment&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="line-height: 15px; padding-left: 15px; padding-top: 0px; background-image: url(http://www.tobi.or.id/%22%22%22%22http://www.tobi.or.id/templates/slikworm/images/arrow.png%22%22%22%22); background-position: 0px 2px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;Annual calender:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-type: square; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; "&gt;&lt;li style="text-align: left;line-height: 15px; padding-left: 15px; padding-top: 0px; background-image: url(http://www.tobi.or.id/%22%22%22%22http://www.tobi.or.id/templates/slikworm/images/arrow.png%22%22%22%22); background-position: 0px 2px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "&gt;IBO selection at district level. The organizer is Dept. of National Education at district level. Question is made by TOBI, while the correction is handle by those at district level. &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="text-align: left;line-height: 15px; padding-left: 15px; padding-top: 0px; background-image: url(http://www.tobi.or.id/%22%22%22%22http://www.tobi.or.id/templates/slikworm/images/arrow.png%22%22%22%22); background-position: 0px 2px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "&gt;IBO selection at province level. The organizer is Dept. of National Education at province level. Questions and corrections is handle by TOBI&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="text-align: left;line-height: 15px; padding-left: 15px; padding-top: 0px; background-image: url(http://www.tobi.or.id/%22%22%22%22http://www.tobi.or.id/templates/slikworm/images/arrow.png%22%22%22%22); background-position: 0px 2px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "&gt;National Biology Olympiad (NBO). Four best students from NBO will be selected and trained for 2 week in July before participating for the upcoming IBO. &lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="text-align: left;line-height: 15px; padding-left: 15px; padding-top: 0px; background-image: url(http://www.tobi.or.id/%22%22%22%22http://www.tobi.or.id/templates/slikworm/images/arrow.png%22%22%22%22); background-position: 0px 2px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "&gt;TOBI has published third edition of IBO guide and material book. &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="text-align: left;line-height: 15px; padding-left: 15px; padding-top: 0px; background-image: url(http://www.tobi.or.id/%22%22%22%22http://www.tobi.or.id/templates/slikworm/images/arrow.png%22%22%22%22); background-position: 0px 2px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "&gt;TOBI has published two editions of Book: IBO, problems and solutions &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/217481588150991647-3944407111499755451?l=timolimpiadekotabanjar.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://timolimpiadekotabanjar.blogspot.com/feeds/3944407111499755451/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=217481588150991647&amp;postID=3944407111499755451' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/217481588150991647/posts/default/3944407111499755451'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/217481588150991647/posts/default/3944407111499755451'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://timolimpiadekotabanjar.blogspot.com/2008/09/d_19.html' title='Team Olimpiade Biologi Kota Banjar'/><author><name>TOKOBA</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/15169116013076235860</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-217481588150991647.post-400187122749122263</id><published>2008-09-19T00:19:00.041-07:00</published><updated>2008-10-10T08:22:07.209-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Menggagas System Sekolah Bertaraf International di Kota Banjar</title><content type='html'>&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt; 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Endang J. S.Pd., Bpk. Drs. Ahmad S., Bpk. Drs. 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 mso-pagination:widow-orphan;  font-size:10.0pt;  font-family:"Times New Roman";  mso-ansi-language:#0400;  mso-fareast-language:#0400;  mso-bidi-language:#0400;} &lt;/style&gt; &lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_9LwNY6hDx6w/SO9qW1wKspI/AAAAAAAAAGI/AxNO_VRJXUs/s1600-h/arip+nurahman.JPG"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_9LwNY6hDx6w/SO9qW1wKspI/AAAAAAAAAGI/AxNO_VRJXUs/s320/arip+nurahman.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5255536230783431314" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;dan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;Arip Nurahman&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;(Indonesia University of Education &amp;amp; MIT Open Course Ware U.S.A.)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_9LwNY6hDx6w/SO9pI0aqwSI/AAAAAAAAAF4/ENwGUjFvz7A/s1600-h/arip+nurahman.JPG"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_9LwNY6hDx6w/SO9pI0aqwSI/AAAAAAAAAF4/ENwGUjFvz7A/s200/arip+nurahman.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5255534890395025698" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_9LwNY6hDx6w/SO9p-DS-kmI/AAAAAAAAAGA/HRksVk2xFPs/s1600-h/arip+nurahman1.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 0pt 10px 10px; float: right; cursor: pointer;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_9LwNY6hDx6w/SO9p-DS-kmI/AAAAAAAAAGA/HRksVk2xFPs/s320/arip+nurahman1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5255535804922368610" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:14;"&gt;Abstract&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"&gt;An &lt;b&gt;International school&lt;/b&gt; is loosely defined as a &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School" title="School"&gt;school&lt;/a&gt; that does not require their students to learn the national or local language of the country the school is located in. These &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School" title="School"&gt;schools&lt;/a&gt; cater mainly to students who are not nationals of the host country, such as the children of the staff of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_business" title="International business"&gt;international businesses&lt;/a&gt;, international organizations, foreign embassies, missions, or missionary programs. Many local students attend these schools to learn the language of the international school and to obtain qualifications for employment or &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_education" title="Higher education"&gt;higher education&lt;/a&gt; in a foreign country. International schools can be both &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_school" title="Private school"&gt;private&lt;/a&gt;, or &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_school" title="Public school"&gt;public&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:14;"&gt;Introduction&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;"  &gt;Establishment&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;"  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;  &lt;p style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"&gt;The first International schools were founded in the latter half of the 19th century in countries such as Japan, Switzerland and Turkey.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources since April 2008"&gt;[&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"&gt;citation needed&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Early International schools were set up with the help of nations having large interests in the hosting nation. An exception to this rule being &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_College" title="Robert College"&gt;Robert College&lt;/a&gt; in Istanbul.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources since April 2008"&gt;[&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"&gt;citation needed&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;h2&gt;&lt;a name="Curriculum" id="Curriculum"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;"  &gt;Curriculum&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;"  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;  &lt;p style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"&gt;International schools typically use curricula based on the school's country of origin. The most common international schools represent &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_England" title="Education in England"&gt;Education in the United Kingdom&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_the_United_States" title="Education in the United States"&gt;Education in the United States&lt;/a&gt;. Many international schools use curricula specially designed for international school such as the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_General_Certificate_of_Secondary_Education" title="International General Certificate of Secondary Education"&gt;International General Certificate of Secondary Education&lt;/a&gt; or the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IB_Diploma_Programme" title="IB Diploma Programme"&gt;IB Diploma Programme&lt;/a&gt;. Like other &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School" title="School"&gt;schools&lt;/a&gt;, international schools teach the subjects such as language arts, mathematics, the sciences, humanities, the arts, physical education, information technology, and design technology. More recent developments specifically for primary school include the IBs Primary Years Programme (PYP) and the fast growing International Primary Curriculum (IPC).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;h2&gt;&lt;a name="Faculty" id="Faculty"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;"  &gt;Faculty&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;"  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;  &lt;p style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"&gt;Faculties at International Schools are usually from or certified by the standards of their country of origin. However there are many exceptions. The most common exception is when the international school requires a teacher trained specifically for an international syllabus or for teaching a foreign language rare to the international school's country of origin. Hiring is frequently done at large international job fairs where schools can interview and hire several teachers at once.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources since April 2008"&gt;[&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"&gt;citation needed&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources since April 2008"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="thumb tright"&gt; &lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:AF-kindergarten.jpg" class="image" title="A kindergarten classroom in Afghanistan."&gt;&lt;img alt="A kindergarten classroom in Afghanistan." src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/AF-kindergarten.jpg/180px-AF-kindergarten.jpg" class="thumbimage" width="180" border="0" height="140" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt; &lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:AF-kindergarten.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt; A &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kindergarten" title="Kindergarten"&gt;kindergarten&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classroom" title="Classroom"&gt;classroom&lt;/a&gt; in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan"&gt;Afghanistan&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:14;"&gt;Isi&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"&gt;Visi Sekolah Bertaraf Internasional (SBI), yaitu terwujudnya insan Indonesia cerdas, beriman dan bertakwa terhadap Tuhan Yang Maha Esa, berakhlak mulia, berjati diri Indonesia, dan kompetitif secara global. Merespon visi tersebut, &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;Indonesia&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt; sebagai Negara yang sedang berkembang harus bekerja keras untuk meningkatkan mutu sumber daya manusianya yang masih jauh tertinggal apabila dibandingkan dengan negara lain, khususnya di kawasan &lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Asia&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;u1:p&gt;&lt;/u1:p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"&gt;Upaya yang harus dilakukan dalam rangka memperbaki mutu sumber daya manusia adalah dengan meningkatan mutu pendidikan. Fokus utama yang harus perhatikan dalam peningkatan mutu pendidikan adalah peningkatan institusi sekolah sebagai basis utama pendidikan, baik aspek manajemen, sumber daya manusianya, maupun sarana dan prasarananya. Salah satu program yang dilaksanakan pemerintah agar perubahan dan perkembangan tersebut dapat direspon dengan cepat adalah dengan meningkatkan kualitas/mutu sekolah dengan mengembangkan sekolah bertaraf internasional.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;u1:p&gt;&lt;/u1:p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"&gt;Sekolah Bertaraf Internasional adalah sekolah nasional yang menyiapkan peserta didiknya berdasarkan standar nasional pendidikan (SNP) &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Indonesia&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt; dan tarafnya internasional sehingga lulusannya memiliki kemampuan daya saing internasional. Sekolah Bertaraf Internasional pada hakikatnya mengacu pada Standar Nasional Pendidikan meliputi 8 (delapan) standar, yaitu:&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;1.&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:7;"  &gt;      &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;Kompetensi lulusan,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;2.&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:7;"  &gt;      &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;Isi, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;3.&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:7;"  &gt;      &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;Proses, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;4.&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:7;"  &gt;      &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;Pendidik dan tenaga kependidikan, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;5.&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:7;"  &gt;      &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;Sarana dan prasarana, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;6.&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:7;"  &gt;      &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;Pembiayaan, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;7.&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:7;"  &gt;      &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;Pengelolaan,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;8.&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:7;"  &gt;      &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;Penilaian yang diperkaya, dikembangkan, diperluas, diperdalam melalui adaptasi atau adopsi terhadap standar pendidikan yang dianggap reputasi mutunya diakui secara internasional. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &l
